Table 1. Characteristics of 6,577 COVID-19 survey participants in Pakistan, 2021–2022*.
| Characteristic |
All, no. (%) |
Categories, no. (%, 95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 is inevitable, n = 1,828 |
COVID-19 is not inevitable, n = 3,980 |
Tested for COVID-19, n = 1,424 |
Have not tested for COVID-19, n = 5,113 |
||
| Sex | |||||
| M | 4,470 (49.4) | 1,351 (32.0, 29.5–34.5) | 2,504 (68.0, 65.5–70.5) | 1,127 (22.1, 20.1–24.3) | 3,311 (77.9, 75.7–79.9) |
| F |
2107 (50.6) |
477 (21.2, 19–23.5) |
1,476 (78.8, 76.5–81) |
297 (11.7, 10.1–13.5) |
1,802 (88.3, 86.5–89.9) |
| Age, y | |||||
| 18–24 | 1,415 (19) | 409 (28.1, 24.5–31.9) | 860 (71.9, 68.1–75.5) | 249 (16.8, 13.9–20.2) | 1,156 (83.2, 79.9–86.2) |
| 25–34 | 2,239 (33.3) | 587 (25.0, 22.3–28) | 1,416 (75.0, 72–77.7) | 529 (17.7, 15.4–20.1) | 1,702 (82.3, 79.9–84.6) |
| 35–44 | 1,553 (26.3) | 428 (25.4, 22.2–29) | 941 (74.6, 71.1–77.8) | 343 (15.6, 13.2–18.4) | 1,199 (84.4, 81.7–86.8) |
|
>45 |
1,370 (21.4) |
404 (28.0, 24.3–31.9) |
763 (72.1, 68.1–75.7) |
303 (17.1, 14.3–20.3) |
1,056 (82.9, 79.7–85.7) |
| Residence | |||||
| Rural | 3,715 (64.6) | 641 (23.5, 21.3–25.9) | 1,898 (76.5, 74.1–78.7) | 907 (15.7, 14.0–17.7) | 2,325 (84.3, 82.3–86.0) |
| Urban |
2,862 (35.4) |
1,187 (31.4, 29.1–33.8) |
2,082 (68.6, 66.2–70.9) |
517 (18.8, 17.1–20.7) |
2,788 (81.2, 79.4–82.9) |
| Employment | |||||
| Employed | 3,952 (50.3) | 1,186 (29.5, 27.0–32.2) | 2,214 (70.5, 67.8–73.0) | 998 (21.1, 19.0–23.4) | 2,927 (78.9, 76.6–81.0) |
| Not working | 831 (9.1) | 255 (29.9, 25.9–34.2) | 495 (70.1, 65.8–74.1) | 194 (21.1, 17.7–25.1) | 630 (78.9, 74.9–82.4) |
| Female homemaker |
1,673 (40.7) |
362 (21.8, 19.5–24.4) |
1,193 (78.2, 75.6–80.5) |
202 (10.6, 8.9–12.5) |
1,465 (89.4, 87.5–91.1) |
| Monthly income, USD | |||||
| None | 1,429 (35.8) | 334 (22.4, 19.6–25.4) | 991 (77.7, 74.6–80.4) | 222 (12.4, 10.4–14.7) | 1,200 (87.6, 85.3–89.6) |
| <$163 | 2,668 (49.9) | 823 (28.0, 25.4–30.8) | 1,550 (72.0, 69.2–74.6) | 527 (17.6, 15.5–20.0) | 2,133 (82.4, 80.0–84.5) |
| $163–208 | 562(8.3) | 196 (32.9, 27.2–39.3) | 318 (67.1, 60.8–72.9) | 144 (19.0, 14.7–24.3) | 416 (81.0, 75.7–85.3) |
| >$208 |
494 (5.9) |
154 (33.4, 26.5–41.0) |
279 (66.6, 59.0–73.5) |
165 (25.7, 20.6–31.6) |
324 (74.3, 68.4–79.4) |
| Highest level of education completed | |||||
| Less than primary | 1,731 (49.9) | 413 (23.4, 20.7–26.3) | 1,085 (76.6, 73.7–79.3) | 267 (13.9, 11.9–16.3) | 1,448 (86.1, 83.7–88.1) |
| Primary and middle | 1,256 (19.8) | 315 (26.2, 22.9–29.7) | 799 (73.8, 70.3–77.1) | 207 (14.8, 12.3–17.6) | 1,048 (85.2, 82.4–87.7) |
| Secondary and high | 2,316 (23.2) | 661 (29.5, 26.9–32.2) | 1,388 (70.5, 67.8–73.1) | 546 (21.6, 19.4–24.0) | 1,758 (78.4, 76.0–80.6) |
| Graduate and postgraduate |
1,222 (7.1) |
429 (36.3, 32.4–40.5) |
677 (63.7, 59.5–67.6) |
391 (27.2, 23.5–31.2) |
820 (72.8, 68.8–76.5) |
| PHQ-4 mental health status† | |||||
| Normal | 2,687 (45.1) | 786 (27.7, 25.1–30.4) | 1,662 (72.3, 69.6–74.9) | 606 (18.6, 16.4–20.9) | 2,076 (81.4, 79.1–83.6) |
| Mild | 2,306 (36.9) | 622 (24.2, 21.5–27.0) | 1,362 (75.8, 73.0–78.5) | 461 (13.7, 11.8–15.8) | 1,822 (86.3, 84.2–88.2) |
| Moderate | 685 (12.7) | 234 (31.2, 26.2–36.8) | 383 (68.8, 63.2–73.8) | 145 (18.4, 14.4–23.2) | 536 (81.6, 76.8–85.6) |
| Severe |
332 (5.3) |
82 (26.8, 19.8–35.2) |
217 (73.2, 64.8–80.2) |
64 (13.0, 9.1–18.3) |
264 (87.0, 81.7–90.0) |
| Worried about COVID-19 | |||||
| Very worried | 1,477 (22.2) | 534 (35.8, 31.8–39.9) | 746 (64.2, 60.1–68.2) | 342 (18.9, 16.0–22.1) | 1,124 (81.1, 77.9–84.0) |
| Moderately | 260 (3.7) | 75 (29.8, 22.3–38.7) | 144 (70.2, 61.4–77.7) | 59 (15.4, 10.8–21.7) | 200 (84.6, 78.3–89.2) |
| A little | 1,540 (24.3) | 472 (27.7, 24.6–31.0) | 911 (72.3, 69.0–75.4) | 275 (13.1, 11.1–15.4) | 1,258 (86.9, 84.6–89.0) |
| Not at all |
3,205 (49.9) |
730 (21.2, 19.0–23.6) |
2,131 (78.8, 76.4–81.0) |
716 (17.5, 15.5–19.6) |
2,473 (82.5, 80.4–84.5) |
| Tested for COVID-19 | |||||
| Y | 1,424 (16.8) | 494 (36.6, 32.2–41.1) | 772 (63.4, 58.9–67.8) | NA | NA |
| N |
5,113 (83.2) |
1,326 (24.2, 22.4–26.1) |
3,188 (75.8, 74.0–77.6) |
NA |
NA |
| No. times tested | |||||
| 1 | 138 (71.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 35 (22.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3–5 |
10 (5.3) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Why tested | |||||
| Feel unwell | 68 (39.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Contact with COVID-19 case | 18 (12.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Required for work | 39 (14.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Required for school | 16 (7.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Other |
32 (25.2) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| COVID-19 inevitable | |||||
| Y | 1,828 (26.3) | NA | NA | 494 (23.6, 20.6–26.9) | 1,326 (76.4,73.1–79.4) |
| N |
3,980 (73.7) |
NA |
NA |
772 (14.6, 13.1–16.3) |
3,188 (85.4, 83.7–86.9) |
| Stressed due to additional responsibilities of caregiving or work due to COVID-19 | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 1,562 (24.2) | 325 (19.5, 16.6–22.7) | 1,068 (80.5, 77.3–83.4) | 353 (17.3, 14.6–20.4) | 1,193 (82.7, 79.6–85.4) |
| Disagree | 854 (12.7) | 279 (27.9, 23.4–32.8) | 456 (72.2, 67.2–76.6) | 148 (13.3, 10.3–17.1) | 702 (86.7, 82.9–89.7) |
| Neutral | 663 (10.9) | 210 (31.7, 26.5–37.4) | 378 (68.4, 62.6–73.6) | 160 (17.7, 14.1–22.1) | 501 (82.3, 77.9–85.9) |
| Agree | 1,186 (20.6) | 329 (23.6, 20.3–27.3) | 748 (76.4, 72.7–79.7) | 220 (11.9, 9.7–14.5) | 962 (88.1, 85.5–90.3) |
| Strongly agree |
2,157 (31.5) |
651 (31.1, 27.9–34.4) |
1,234 (68.9, 65.6–72.1) |
503 (20.2, 17.7–23.0) |
1,643 (79.8, 77.1–82.3) |
| COVID-19 is a serious health issue | |||||
| Y | 4,915 (75.9) | 1,514 (29.2, 27.3–31.2) | 2,877 (70.8, 68.8–72.7) | 1,101 (16.7, 15.2–18.2) | 3,787 (83.4, 81.8–84.8) |
| N |
1,340 (24.1) |
251 (17.7, 14.6–21.3) |
956 (82.3, 78.7–85.4) |
252 (16.7, 13.7–20.3) |
1,082 (83.3, 79.7–86.3) |
| Mask wearing | |||||
| Y | 5,822 (85.7) | 1,665 (27.3, 25.5–29.1) | 3,493 (72.8, 70.9–74.5) | 1,301 (17.4, 16.0–18.9) | 4,486 (82.6, 81.1–84.0) |
| N |
755 (14.3) |
163 (20.5, 16.7–25.0) |
487 (79.5, 75.0–83.3) |
123 (13.6, 10.4–17.4) |
627 (86.5, 82.6–89.6) |
| Physical distancing of 2 meters | |||||
| Y | 3,904 (55.2) | 1,212 (29.0, 26.7–31.3) | 2,283 (71.0, 68.7–73.3) | 849 (16.1, 14.4–17.9) | 3,037 (83.9, 82.1–85.6) |
| N |
2,673 (44.8) |
616 (23.0, 20.6–25.6) |
1,697 (77.0, 74.4–79.4) |
575 (17.8, 15.8–20.0) |
2,076 (82.2, 80.0–84.2) |
| Wash hands more frequently than before COVID-19 | |||||
| Y | 4,617 (67.5) | 1,373 (28.0, 26.0–30.1) | 2,790 (72.0, 69.9–74.0) | 1,038 (17.2, 15.6–18.8) | 3,555 (82.9, 81.2–84.4) |
| N |
1,960 (32.5) |
455 (22.6, 19.8–25.7) |
1,190 (77.4, 74.3–80.2) |
386 (16.2, 13.9–18.8) |
1,558 (83.8, 81.2–86.1) |
| Avoid nonessential shopping | |||||
| Y | 1,299 (22.3) | 380 (26.4, 23.3–29.9) | 840 (73.6, 70.1–76.7) | 252 (13.2, 11.0–15.7) | 1,047 (86.8, 84.3–89.0) |
| N |
5,278 (77.8) |
1,448 (26.3, 24.4–28.3) |
3,140 (73.7, 71.7–75.6) |
1,172 (17.9, 16.3–19.6) |
4,066 (82.1, 80.5–83.7) |
| Avoid domestic travel | |||||
| Y | 1,003 (19.0) | 281 (26.5, 22.8–30.5) | 660 (73.5, 69.5–77.2) | 204 (12.4, 10.2–15.1) | 799 (87.6, 84.9–89.8) |
| N |
5,574 (81.0) |
1,547 (26.3, 24.5–28.2) |
3,320 (73.7, 71.8–75.6) |
1,220 (17.9, 16.4–19.5) |
4,314 (82.1, 80.5–83.6) |
| Avoid public transit | |||||
| Y | 555 (11.7) | 131 (21.8, 17.5–26.8) | 400 (78.2, 73.2–82.5) | 103 (11.7, 8.9–15.1) | 451 (88.4, 84.9–91.1) |
| N |
6,022 (88.3) |
1,697 (27.0, 25.2–28.8) |
3,580 (73.0, 71.2–74.8) |
1,321 (17.5, 16.1–19.0) |
4,662 (82.5, 81.0–83.9) |
| No change in precautions taken | |||||
| Y | 306 (7.7) | 59 (21.0, 14.0–30.1) | 187 (79.0, 69.9–86.0) | 53 (18.8, 12.3–27.7) | 251 (81.2, 72.3–87.7) |
| N |
4,557 (92.3) |
1,444 (34.0, 31.6–36.6) |
2,496 (66.0, 63.4–68.4) |
1,188 (22.6, 20.7–24.7) |
3,337 (77.4, 75.3–79.3) |
| Primary source of COVID-19 information | |||||
| Social media | 2,591 (30.5) | 766 (28.3, 25.5–31.2) | 1,559 (71.8, 68.8–74.5) | 634 (19.6, 17.4–22.0) | 1,941 (80.4, 78.0–82.6) |
| Friends and family | 984 (21.9) | 221 (18.4, 15.4–21.8) | 641 (81.6, 78.2–84.6) | 156 (12.8, 10.2–16.0) | 822 (87.2, 84.0–89.8) |
| TV | 1,866 (36.6) | 480 (26.0, 23.0–29.2) | 1,144 (74.0, 70.9–77.0) | 359 (14.5, 12.4–16.9) | 1,500 (85.5, 83.1–87.6) |
| Other | 770 (11.1) | 284 (38.3, 32.9–44.0) | 414 (61.7, 56.0–67.1) | 207 (24.7, 20.2–29.8) | 557 (75.3, 70.2–79.9) |
*Numbers are unweighted, but percentages and corresponding confidence intervals are weighted. NA, not applicable. †Patient Health Questionnaire 4 scale: normal (0–2), mild (3–5), moderate (6–8), and severe (9–12). A score of higher than normal indicates anxiety and depression.