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. 2022 Sep 26;13(6):3028–3047. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13076

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Administration of propolis improved fatty liver and decreased the expression of genes related to inflammation, liver fibrosis, and fatty acid metabolism, and decreased the ratio of M1 macrophages, ILC1, and ILC3, and increased the ratio of M2 macrophages and ILC2. (A) Representative images of haematoxylin and eosin‐stained and Masson trichrome‐stained liver sections. Liver tissues were collected at 16 weeks of age. The scale bar shows 100 μm. (B and C) Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity scores and the fibrosis stage of NAFLD activity score (n = 12). Relative mRNA expression of (D) Tnfa, (E) Ccl2, (F) Col1a, (G) Fasn, (H) Scd1 and (I) Elovl6 in the liver normalized to the expression of Gapdh (n = 12). Ratio of (J) M1 macrophages to CD45‐positive cells, (K) M2 macrophages to CD45‐positive cells, (L) M1 to M2 macrophages, (M) ILC1s to CD45‐positive cells, (N) ILC3s to CD45‐positive cells in the liver (n = 12 in each case). Data are represented as the mean ± SD values. Data were analysed using one‐way ANOVA with Holm–Šídák's multiple‐comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ND, not detected.