Table 2.
Summary of studies on inactivated vaccines. In the case of vaccines for Pneumococcus, only studies on conjugated vaccines (PCV) are reported
| Reference | Study type (N of subjects) | Diagnosis pre-vaccine | Type of vaccine | Rec./de novo | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pneumococcal | |||||
| Liakou et al. [38] | Observational study (33) | NS | PCV7 | 0/0 | 15 patients were on low dose oral prednisolone or no therapy and 18 were receiving additional treatment of Mycophenolate mofetil or ciclosporin A for a minimum of 6 months prior to enrolment |
| Liakou et al. [40] | Observational study (29) | NS | PCV7 | 0/0 | PCV7 was not associated with increased risk of INS relapse and serotype-specific antibodies increased in all subjects at 1 month |
| Pittet et al. [39] | Observational study (42) | NS | PCV13 | 0/0 | Vaccination was performed at disease onset or at regular follow up, during remission |
| Influenza | |||||
| Kielstein et al. [43] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Inactivated H1N1 | 0/1 | |
| Poyrazoğlu et al. [48] | Case series (19) | NS | Inactivated H1N1 | 0/0 | The first relapse was reported in one subject at three months after vaccination |
| Gutierrez et al. [44] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Inactivated H1N1 | 0/1 | Histology showed severe acute tubular injury and interstitial inflammatory infiltrate. The immunofluorescence was negative. Ultrastructural examination showed diffuse foot-process effacement, microvillus transformation and cytoplasmic vacuolization |
| Fernandes et al. [42] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Inactivated H1N1 | 0/1 | Patient developed NS one week after receiving vaccine. Oral steroid therapy was started, and proteinuria returned to the non-nephrotic range |
| Kutlucan et al. [45] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Inactivated H1N1 | 0/1 | Histological findings were consistent with membranous glomerulonephritis |
| Tanaka et al. [49] | Observational study (15) | NS | Inactivated H1N1 | NA | No side effects including NS were reported |
| Klifa et al. [50] | Monocentric retrospective investigation (14) | SSNS | Inactivated H1N1 | 0/0 | Relapse rate differed but without statistical significance between vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects |
| Ishimori et al. [51] | Multicenter observational study (306) | NS | Inactivated H1N1 | NA | Risk of relapse was lower in vaccinated than non-vaccinated. Moreover, in vaccinated, risk of relapse was lower in post-vaccine time than in pre-vaccine time |
| Kamei et al. [21] | Observational Study | NS | Live attenuated | NA | Patients were receiving immunosuppression agents. Immunization resulted effective |
NA not available, NS nephrotic syndrome, PCV polysaccharide vaccines, SSNS steroidsensitive nephrotic syndrome