Table 3.
Summary of studies on vaccines containing recombinant and purified antigens, toxoid or anatoxin
| Reference | Study type (N of subjects) | Diagnosis pre-vaccine | Type of vaccine | Rec/de novo or I* | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B | |||||
| Macario et al. [54] | Case report (1) | MCD | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine | 1/0 | – |
| Pennesi et al. [57] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine | 0/1 | The immunohistochemical examination shows the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen in renal tissue. Remission was reported after 3yrs of treatment with RAASi |
| Ozdemir et al. [56] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine | 0/1 | NS developed 17 days after second inoculation. Complete remission was observed after 20 days of steroids (2 mg/kg/day). Kidney biopsy was not performed because subject was 3yo |
| Işlek et al. [55] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine | 0/1 | After the first diagnosis, at 4yo, he had three relapses in the following years. Each relapse developed after vaccinations of polio, pneumococcal, and flu vaccine, respectively. All relapses had been easily treated by prednisolone |
| Yıldız et al. [58] | Observational study (41) | SSNS | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine | 0/14 | Relapse rates after the vaccination were higher than those in the pre-vaccination period (p = 0.002) |
| Meningococcal | |||||
| Abeyagunawardena et al. [59] |
Observational Study (106) |
SSNS | Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine | 0/0 | Risk of relapse was significantly higher in the 6 months post-vaccination, than the 6 months pre-vaccination |
| Taylor et al. [60] |
Observational Study (52) |
SSNS | Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine | – | Overall risk of relapse was not associated with vaccination (I 0.35) |
| De Serres et al. [61] | Epidemiologic investigation (49,000) | Healthy | 4-component meningococcal serogroup B | 0/4 | 8.3-fold increased risk of relapse |
| Andrews et al. [62] | National epidemiologic investigation | Healthy | 4-component meningococcal serogroup B | – | No more risk of relapse related to vaccination |
| Diphteria-Tetanous-Polio | |||||
| Clajus et al. [66] | Case report (1) | Healthy | Cleaned tetanus and diphtheria toxoid, inactive poliomyelitis virus | 0/1 | Subject was 82 years old. Kidney biopsy revealed minimal change disease |
NS nephrotic syndrome, RAASi rennin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitor, SSNS steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. n of relapses or de novo cases of NS are reported in case of single observation. In case of observational studies, the overall incidence (I) I of relapses plus de novo is given when available