Table 3. Structural abnormalities detected using ultrasound in the three trimesters of pregnancy, according to fetal body system.

Body systems/malformations	Detection rate - n (%)							Postnatal n (%)
	First trimester		Second trimester		Third trimester		Total number of US examinations
CNS	0	(0)	3	(10.3)	3	(8.4)	6 (7.6)	17 (8.8)
Macrocrania	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	3 (1.6)
Ventriculomegaly	0	(0)	2	(6.9)	2	(5.6)	4 (5.0)	2 (1.0)
Hyperechoic lesions	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	2 (1.0)
Choroid plexus cyst	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	4 (2.1)
Cerebellar hypoplasia	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	2.8	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Craniotabes/asymmetric skull	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	6 (3.1)
Face and nape of neck	2	(14.2)	0	(0)	4	(11.2)	6 (7.6)	17 (8.8)
Ocular hypertelorism	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	2 (1.0)
Dysmorphic ear	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	5 (2.6)
Micrognathia	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	2 (1.0)
Flat face	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Increased nuchal fold	1	(7.1)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	2 (2.5)	5 (2.6)
Cystic hygroma	1	(7.1)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	2 (2.5)	0 (0)
Ogival palate	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Cleft lip	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Cleft palate	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Chest	0	(0)	0	(0)	2	(5.6)	2 (2.5)	2 (1.0)
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Lung sequestration	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	2 (1.0)
Heart	0	0	9	(31.0)	5	(14.0)	14 (17.7)	99 (51.0)
Septal defect	0	(0)	2	(6.9)	2	(5.6)	4 (5.0)	76 (39.2)
Valve defects	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	1	(2.8)	2 (2.5)	12 (6.2)
Coarctation of the aorta	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	2 (1.0)
Heart chamber defect	0	(0)	3	(10.3)	1	(2.8)	4 (5.0)	7 (3.6)
Double-outlet right ventricle	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	1 (0.5)
Pericardial effusion	0	(0)	2	(6.9)	1	(2.8)	3 (3.8)	1 (0.5)
GIT	2	(14.2)	4	(13.7)	5	(14.0)	11 (14.0)	9 (4.7)
Gastroschisis	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	1 (0.5)
Omphalocele	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	3 (1.6)
Ascites	1	(7.1)	0	(0)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Abdominal cyst	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Ovarian cyst	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	5 (2.6)
Duodenal atresia (double bubble sign)	1	(7.1)	0	(0)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Esophageal atresia (collapsed stomach)	0	(0)	2	(6.9)	2	(5.6)	4 (5.0)	0 (0)
Hepatic calcifications	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
GUT	3	(21.4)	9	(39.1)	10	(27.8)	22 (27.9)	23 (11.8)
Renal cyst(s)	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	3 (1.6)
Renal dysplasia	1	(7.1)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	2 (2.5)	0 (0)
Hydronephrosis	1	(7.1)	6	(42.9)	9	(25.0)	16 (20.3)	14 (7.2)
Pelvic kidney	0	(0)	1	(3.33)	1	(2.8)	2 (2.5)	2 (1.0)
Multicystic kidneys	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	2 (1.0)
Enlarged kidneys	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	2 (1.0)
Unilateral renal agenesis	0	(0)	1	(3.4)	0	(0)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Skeleton	3	(21.4)	1	(3.4)	5	(14.0)	9 (11.4)	15 (7.7)
Polydactyly	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	2 (1.0)
Congenital clubfoot	1	(7.1)	1	(3.4)	3	(8.4)	5 (6.3)	11 (5.7)
Short long bones	0	(0)	0	(0)	1	(2.8)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)
Hand agenesis	2	(14.2)	0	(0)	0	(0)	2 (2.5)	0 (0)
Clubhand	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Congenital dislocation of the knee	0	(0)	0	(0)	0	(0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Others	4	(28.6)	3	(10.3)	2	(5.6)	9 (11.4)	12 (6.2)
Single umbilical artery	4	(28.6)	3	(10.3)	2	(5.6)	9 (11.4)	12 (6.2)
Total	13	(100)	30	(100)	36	(100)	79 (100)	194 (100)

US = ultrasound; CNS = central nervous system; GIT = gastrointestinal tract; GUT = genitourinary tract.