Table 2.

Effects of maternal dietary Met restriction on duckling traits (from Bodin et al., [31]) and mRNA abundance of 16 DEGs mostly involved in energy metabolism (from Sécula et al., [32])

A	n	R group	n	C group	PDiet	Psex	Pinteraction
Phenotypic Trait		Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD
Body weight (g)	180	33.0 ± 0.9	190	35.2 ± 0.9	< 0.001	NS	NS
Liver weight (g)	28	1.51 ± 0.08	21	1.40 ± 0.11	NS	0.001	NS
Liver: BW (%)	28	4.30 ± 0.17	21	3.92 ± 0.20	0.07	0.06	NS
Liver lipids (%)	28	17.23 ± 1.43	19	17.67 ± 1.44	NS	NS	NS
Liver dry matter (%)	28	41.10 ± 0.73	20	41.21 ± 1.10	NS	NS	NS
Plasma Glucose (mMol/L)	23	16.39 ± 1.88	26	10.63 ± 2.38	0.03	NS	NS
Plasma FFA (mMol/L)	28	0.27 ± 0.05	27	0.55 ± 0.05	0.01	0.07	NS
Log Plasma TG	27	0.55 ± 0.19	27	- 0.09 ± 0.21	0.01	0.01	NS
Log Plasma ALP	28	5.36 ± 0.09	24	5.62 ± 0.10	0.07	< 0.001	NS
Log Plasma ALT	28	2.90 ± 0.09	23	3.32 ± 0.09	0.002	0.01	NS
Log Plasma AST	27	4.42 ± 0.19	27	4.69 ± 0.21	NS	0.006	NS
B	n	R group	n	C group	PDiet	Psex	Pinteraction
Hepatic Gene Expression		LsMeans ± SD		LsMeans ± SD
BCL2A1	18	0.34 ± 0.21	17	− 0.43 ± 0.21	0.03	0.13	NS
COX2	18	− 0.55 ± 0.24	17	0.77 ± 0.28	0.01	0.93	NS
CYTB	18	− 0.6 ± 0.28	17	0.52 ± 0.33	0.02	0.54	NS
ELOVL6	18	0.51 ± 0.27	17	−0.5 ± 0.31	0.01	<  0.01	NS
ENO1	18	−0.54 ± 0.24	17	0.51 ± 0.27	0.01	0.81	NS
GPAM	18	0.39 ± 0.16	17	−0.52 ± 0.17	<  0.01	< 0.01	NS
MTTP	18	−0.48 ± 0.21	17	0.55 ± 0.22	0.01	0.87	NS
NDUFA4	18	−0.61 ± 0.19	17	0.64 ± 0.19	< 0.01	0.98	NS
NDUFB6	18	−0.4 ± 0.22	17	0.42 ± 0.22	0.03	0.81	NS
PGK1	18	0.49 ± 0.25	17	−0.46 ± 0.27	0.01	0.07	NS
PGM1	18	0.53 ± 0.15	17	−0.65 ± 0.15	< 0.01	< 0.01	NS
PPARG	18	0.47 ± 0.22	17	−0.5 ± 0.24	0.03	0.81	NS
PPARGC1B	18	−0.43 ± 0.23	17	0.43 ± 0.23	0.03	0.98	NS
PRKAA1	18	−0.49 ± 0.2	17	0.4 ± 0.2	0.01	0.02	NS
RXRA	18	−0.78 ± 0.3	17	0.51 ± 0.24	0.01	0.11	NS
UGDH	18	0.48 ± 0.21	17	−0.53 ± 0.22	0.01	0.42	NS
BMF δ	18	−0.48 ± 0.3	17	0.46 ± 0.34	0.06 δ	0.18	NS
PPARA δ	18	−0.35 ± 0.22	17	0.33 ± 0.22	0.10 δ	0.23	NS

A: Numbers, means, and standard errors of the measured traits as well as the significance of the differences between means are given. The P-value of the diet effect, the sex effect and their interaction are presented. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. B: The 16 genes differently expressed between the two diet groups (PDiet < 0.05) are listed as well as and 2 genes which tended to be differentially expressed (PDiet < 0.1; noted with a delta (^δ)). Numbers, LS-Means, and standard deviations of the gene expression as well as the significance of the effects are given