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. 2022 Sep 20;113(12):4030–4036. doi: 10.1111/cas.15570

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Multistep carcinogenic process and resistance mechanisms in NMRs. Many types of cancers show multistep development, with skin carcinogenesis being a typical example. NMRs possess various potential carcinogenic resistance mechanisms, which may act at different stages during this multistep process. The key mechanisms currently under consideration are efficient DNA repair pathways, cell‐autonomous resistance to transformation, and a dampened inflammatory response.