Table 2:
Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for the relationship between time use group and each substance use outcome, 1991-2019 by decade, adjusted*
| Overall | 1991-1999 | 2000-2009 | 2010-2019 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past 30-day Cigarette Use | ||||||||||||
| Low Social/Disengaged | 2.01 | (1.88, | 2.16) | 1.89 | (1.68, | 2.13) | 2.25 | (2.01, | 2.53) | 1.81 | (1.59, | 2.05) |
| Workers | 9.05 | (8.57, | 9.55) | 7.00 | (6.44, | 7.61) | 8.15 | (7.43, | 8.94) | 6.18 | (5.55, | 6.88) |
| High Social / Disengaged | 9.31 | (8.82, | 9.83) | 7.87 | (7.23, | 8.57) | 8.78 | (8.01, | 9.63) | 6.95 | (6.25, | 7.73) |
| High Social / Engaged – More Supervision | 3.25 | (3.09, | 3.42) | 2.77 | (2.56, | 3.01) | 2.99 | (2.73, | 3.27) | 2.50 | (2.27, | 2.75) |
| High Social / Engaged – Less Supervision | 8.94 | (8.47, | 9.44) | 7.30 | (6.72, | 7.93) | 7.82 | (7.12, | 8.59) | 6.40 | (5.73, | 7.15) |
| Ref = Low Social/Engaged | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Past 30-day Alcohol Use | ||||||||||||
| Low Social/Disengaged | 1.14 | (1.08, | 1.20) | 1.14 | (1.03, | 1.26) | 1.29 | (1.17, | 1.42) | 0.99 | (0.91, | 1.08) |
| Workers | 6.64 | (6.39, | 6.90) | 5.69 | (5.30, | 6.10) | 6.66 | (6.22, | 7.13) | 5.25 | (4.92, | 5.59) |
| High Social / Disengaged | 5.39 | (5.18, | 5.61) | 5.18 | (4.82, | 5.57) | 5.40 | (5.04, | 5.78) | 4.00 | (3.73, | 4.28) |
| High Social / Engaged – More Supervision | 3.43 | (3.31, | 3.55) | 2.94 | (2.76, | 3.13) | 3.47 | (3.26, | 3.70) | 3.16 | (2.99, | 3.34) |
| High Social / Engaged – Less Supervision | 8.54 | (8.22, | 8.87) | 7.71 | (7.20, | 8.26) | 8.31 | (7.78, | 8.89) | 6.75 | (6.31, | 7.22) |
| Ref = Low Social/Engaged | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Past Two-Week Binge Drinking | ||||||||||||
| Low Social/Disengaged | 1.39 | (1.28, | 1.51) | 1.64 | (1.40, | 1.92) | 1.48 | (1.28, | 1.71) | 1.15 | (1.01, | 1.32) |
| Workers | 9.66 | (9.13, | 10.22) | 9.43 | (8.49, | 10.48) | 9.34 | (8.47, | 10.31) | 7.58 | (6.90, | 8.32) |
| High Social / Disengaged | 8.01 | (7.56, | 8.48) | 8.45 | (7.60, | 9.40) | 7.84 | (7.10, | 8.64) | 5.94 | (5.39, | 6.55) |
| High Social / Engaged – More Supervision | 4.50 | (4.27, | 4.75) | 4.24 | (3.84, | 4.68) | 4.45 | (4.05, | 4.88) | 4.16 | (3.81, | 4.54) |
| High Social / Engaged – Less Supervision | 13.03 | (12.32, | 13.77) | 13.31 | (12.01, | 14.75) | 12.2 | (11.07, | 13.44) | 10.29 | (9.37, | 11.31) |
| Ref = Low Social/Engaged | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Past 30-day Cannabis Use | ||||||||||||
| Low Social/Disengaged | 1.48 | (1.38, | 1.59) | 1.80 | (1.50, | 2.15) | 1.80 | (1.57, | 2.06) | 1.26 | (1.15, | 1.39) |
| Workers | 5.72 | (5.41, | 6.04) | 7.91 | (7.00, | 8.93) | 7.19 | (6.50, | 7.96) | 5.08 | (4.69, | 5.50) |
| High Social / Disengaged | 6.63 | (6.27, | 7.02) | 9.46 | (8.38, | 10.69) | 8.40 | (7.59, | 9.29) | 5.21 | (4.80, | 5.65) |
| High Social / Engaged – More Supervision | 2.96 | (2.82, | 3.11) | 3.35 | (2.99, | 3.75) | 3.58 | (3.27, | 3.93) | 2.98 | (2.79, | 3.18) |
| High Social / Engaged – Less Supervision | 6.74 | (6.37, | 7.13) | 9.01 | (8.01, | 10.15) | 8.40 | (7.59, | 9.30) | 6.15 | (5.66, | 6.69) |
| Ref = Low Social/Engaged | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Past 30-day Other Substance Use | ||||||||||||
| Low Social/Disengaged | 1.53 | (1.42, | 1.65) | 1.60 | (1.38, | 1.86) | 1.63 | (1.42, | 1.87) | 1.36 | (1.21, | 1.53) |
| Workers | 4.79 | (4.51, | 5.07) | 4.58 | (4.12, | 5.10) | 4.64 | (4.19, | 5.13) | 3.78 | (3.40, | 4.19) |
| High Social / Disengaged | 4.64 | (4.37, | 4.93) | 4.72 | (4.23, | 5.26) | 4.53 | (4.10, | 5.01) | 3.55 | (3.19, | 3.96) |
| High Social / Engaged – More Supervision | 2.17 | (2.06, | 2.29) | 2.16 | (1.95, | 2.40) | 2.00 | (1.82, | 2.19) | 1.99 | (1.83, | 2.17) |
| High Social / Engaged – Less Supervision | 5.37 | (5.07, | 5.68) | 5.22 | (4.69, | 5.80) | 4.94 | (4.48, | 5.45) | 4.61 | (4.17, | 5.09) |
| Ref = Low Social/Engaged | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
*
Adjusted for several covariates related to demographic factors, including sex (binary male/female), race and ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic/Latino, Multiracial, or Other), grade (8th, 10th, 12th), urbanicity (whether an adolescent resided in a Metropolitan Statistical Area), highest level of parental education (less than high school, high school graduate, college graduate), and school type (public, private Non-Catholic, private Catholic).
**
Interaction between decade and time use group predicting each substance use outcome p<.001 for all outcomes