Table 4.
Logistic regression estimate of falls among older adults and elderly in India, 2017-2018
| Variables | Total | Male | Female | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Visual impairment | ||||||
| Normal | ||||||
| Low vision | 1.16***(1.11 - 1.21) | 1.01 (0.96 - 1.06) | 1.09*(1.02 - 1.18) | 0.97 (0.89 - 1.04) | 1.14***(1.08 - 1.21) | 1.04 (0.98 - 1.11) |
| Blindness | 1.4***(1.17 - 1.67) | 1.13 (0.94 - 1.35) | 1.28 (0.98 - 1.67) | 1.01 (0.77 - 1.34) | 1.52**(1.2 - 1.92) | 1.24 (0.97 - 1.59) |
| Age (in years) | ||||||
| 45-54® | ||||||
| 55-64 | 1.1**(1.04 - 1.17) | 1.09 (1 - 1.19) | 1.12**(1.04 - 1.2) | |||
| 65-74 | 1.11**(1.04 - 1.18) | 1.02 (0.92 - 1.13) | 1.19***(1.09 - 1.31) | |||
| 75+ | 1.08 (0.98 - 1.19) | 1.07 (0.92 - 1.23) | 1.12 (0.99 - 1.26) | |||
| Educational attainment (in years) | ||||||
| No® | ||||||
| 1-5 | 1.17***(1.1 - 1.25) | 1.08 (0.98 - 1.19) | 1.23***(1.14 - 1.34) | |||
| 6-10 | 1 (0.93 - 1.06) | 0.94 (0.85 - 1.03) | 1.06 (0.96 - 1.16) | |||
| More than 10 years | 0.8***(0.73 - 0.88) | 0.77***(0.68 - 0.87) | 0.83*(0.71 - 0.97) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Widowed® | ||||||
| Currently married | 1.08 (0.89 - 1.3) | 0.59*(0.38 - 0.9) | 1.44**(1.15 - 1.8) | |||
| Others | 0.84*(0.73 - 0.97) | 0.81 (0.63 - 1.04) | 0.89 (0.74 - 1.06) | |||
| Living arrangement | ||||||
| With spouse and children® | ||||||
| With children and others | 1.16 (0.96 - 1.4) | 0.63*(0.42 - 0.96) | 1.53***(1.23 - 1.9) | |||
| With spouse | 0.9**(0.85 - 0.97) | 0.91 (0.83 - 1.01) | 0.9*(0.82 - 0.99) | |||
| Living alone | 1.07 (0.86 - 1.32) | 0.44***(0.27 - 0.69) | 1.53**(1.19 - 1.96) | |||
| Work status | ||||||
| Earlier worked® | ||||||
| Never worked | 0.89**(0.83 - 0.95) | 0.94 (0.77 - 1.14) | 0.82***(0.76 - 0.88) | |||
| Currently working | 1.05 (0.99 - 1.11) | 1.12*(1.02 - 1.23) | 0.96 (0.88 - 1.05) | |||
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Good® | ||||||
| Poor | 1.53***(1.44 - 1.62) | 1.56***(1.43 - 1.71) | 1.51***(1.4 - 1.62) | |||
| ADL difficulty | ||||||
| No® | ||||||
| Yes | 1.4***(1.31 - 1.49) | 1.39***(1.25 - 1.55) | 1.39***(1.28 - 1.51) | |||
| IADL difficulty | ||||||
| No® | ||||||
| Yes | 1.2***(1.14 - 1.27) | 1.27***(1.16 - 1.38) | 1.17***(1.09 - 1.25) | |||
| Sleep Problem | ||||||
| No® | ||||||
| Rarely | 1.3***(1.23 - 1.37) | 1.2***(1.1 - 1.31) | 1.37***(1.27 - 1.47) | |||
| Occasionally | 1.52***(1.42 - 1.62) | 1.4***(1.25 - 1.56) | 1.6***(1.47 - 1.74) | |||
| Frequently | 1.79***(1.64 - 1.95) | 1.65***(1.43 - 1.9) | 1.87***(1.67 - 2.08) | |||
| MPCE quintile | ||||||
| Poorest® | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.13**(1.06 - 1.22) | 1.17**(1.05 - 1.31) | 1.11*(1.01 - 1.22) | |||
| Middle | 1.23***(1.14 - 1.32) | 1.2**(1.07 - 1.34) | 1.26***(1.14 - 1.38) | |||
| Richer | 1.31***(1.21 - 1.41) | 1.29***(1.15 - 1.45) | 1.32***(1.19 - 1.45) | |||
| Richest | 1.43***(1.33 - 1.55) | 1.44***(1.28 - 1.62) | 1.42***(1.29 - 1.58) | |||
| Caste | ||||||
| Others® | ||||||
| OBC | 1.06 (1 - 1.12) | 1.07 (0.98 - 1.18) | 1.05 (0.97 - 1.13) | |||
| SC | 1.11**(1.04 - 1.19) | 1.15*(1.03 - 1.29) | 1.08 (0.99 - 1.19) | |||
| ST | 0.71***(0.65 - 0.77) | 0.78***(0.68 - 0.88) | 0.67***(0.6 - 0.75) | |||
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu® | ||||||
| Muslim | 0.87***(0.81 - 0.94) | 0.74***(0.65 - 0.83) | 0.98 (0.89 - 1.07) | |||
| Others | 1.06 (0.98 - 1.15) | 1.02 (0.91 - 1.16) | 1.08 (0.98 - 1.2) | |||
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban® | ||||||
| Rural | 1.23***(1.16 - 1.29) | 1.28***(1.18 - 1.39) | 1.19***(1.11 - 1.27) | |||
| Region | ||||||
| North® | ||||||
| Central | 1.27***(1.17 - 1.38) | 1.26***(1.11 - 1.43) | 1.27***(1.14 - 1.42) | |||
| East | 1.95***(1.81 - 2.1) | 2.02***(1.8 - 2.26) | 1.89***(1.72 - 2.08) | |||
| Northeast | 0.89*(0.81 - 0.98) | 0.92 (0.79 - 1.06) | 0.85*(0.75 - 0.97) | |||
| West | 1.17***(1.08 - 1.28) | 1.23**(1.08 - 1.4) | 1.12*(1 - 1.25) | |||
| South | 0.85***(0.79 - 0.92) | 0.9 (0.8 - 1.01) | 0.81***(0.73 - 0.9) | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male® | ||||||
| Female | 1.3***(1.23 - 1.38) | |||||
Note: AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, UOR Unadjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
*if p < 0.05, **if p < 0.01, ***if p < 0.001