(A) Relative abundance of the 10 most abundant genera, species, and pathways for the 180 participants at baseline, grouped by NAFLD status at the follow-up visit. Anthropometric characteristics of the participants at baseline are also shown. Abundance values are normalized to the range of 0 and 1. (B) Changes of metabolites (μM) in metabolite classes containing at least 10 metabolites. Each point represents a metabolite and its z score from Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing the two groups (negative indicates higher abundance in NAFLD−/−; positive indicates higher abundance in NAFLD−/+). Dotted lines at −1.96 and 1.96 denote the significance threshold. Colors indicate comparisons between z scores of metabolites in a metabolite class against the z scores of metabolites in all other classes. Box plots show median, lower/upper quartiles, and whiskers (the last data points 1.5 times interquartile range from the lower or upper quartiles). (C) Principal coordinates analysis for 180 participants based on Bray-Curtis distances using baseline serum concentrations of 123 metabolites. For each metabolite class, the top 3 (or fewer) metabolites that were significantly associated with the metabolome variation in the study cohort are shown. PC, principal coordinates.