Table 7.
Systematic analysis of the top 100 cited articles on mRNA.
| Classifications, References | Objectives | Main findings | Application of vaccine |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccine production and evaluation35–37–40–42,43–48–51–54–56–58–61–66–77–91–94–103–108–116–118,119-121–123 | To evaluate the antibody and memory B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. Engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated modified mRNA vaccine encoding wild-type or variant ZIKV structural genes and tested immunogenicity and protection in mice. Co-expression of the N, P, L, and M2(ORF1) proteins in the presence of cDNA-encoded anti-genomic RNA is sufficient to produce infectious RSV. mRNA vaccines induce balanced, long-lived and protective immunity to influenza A virus infection. Develop a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) encoding the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 as a vaccine candidate (called ARCoV). Compared synthetic mRNA and self-amplifying RNA expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin. Assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) on binding, neutralizing, and ACE2-competing antibodies elicited by the vaccine mRNA-1273 over seven months. Explore the generation of a clinical-grade applicable DC vaccine with improved immunogenic potential by combining PD-1 ligand siRNA and target antigen mRNA delivery. Optimized non-replicating rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) induce potent neutralizing antibodies (VN titers) in mice and domestic pigs. Immunization of mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) with lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encapsulating modified mRNA encoding CMV glycoproteins gB and pentameric complex (PC) elicit potent and durable neutralizing antibody titers. Administration of novel self-amplifying mRNA (SAM1) vectors expressing influenza NP (SAM (NP)), M1 (SAM(M1)), and NP and M1 (SAM(M1-NP)) delivered with lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induced robust polyfunctional CD4 T helper 1 cells, while NP-containing SAM also induced cytotoxic CD8 T cells. |
The monoclonal antibodies elicited by the vaccines potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNPs elicit rapid and durable protective immunity against the Zika virus. Human respiratory syncytial virus RSV is a possible vector for protective antigens of another respiratory tract. An RSV vector also might have utility in transient gene therapy of the respiratory tract. LNP-formulated, modified mRNA vaccines can induce protective immunogenicity with acceptable tolerability profiles against Influenza virus. Self-amplifying RNA is a promising platform for vaccines against viral diseases. The treatment effect of Autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with a reduction of effector T cells and the development of regulatory T cell (Treg cell) populations. RNA tumor antigen vaccine strategy has potential application for human cancer treatment and prevention. The feasibility of a non-replicating mRNA rabies vaccine in small and large animals and highlights the promises of mRNA vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. mRNA/LNP is a versatile platform that enables the development of vaccination strategies that could prevent Cytomegalovirus CMV infection and consequent disease in different target populations. |
Covid-19, cancer, Influenza virus, Rabies Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Human respiratory syncytial virus, Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and various viral surface antigens |
| Safety and Efficacy of the vaccine7–30–34–41–44,45-49–50-65–67-69–74-83–85-87–89-92–93-113–115-120–124 | Efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety. Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, and the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Safety of (mRNA) Covid-19 vaccines in pregnancy from the v-safe surveillance system and pregnancy registry and the efficacy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical trial in healthy adults of a prophylactic mRNA-based vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein (CV7201). Safety and immunogenicity of the first mRNA vaccines against potentially pandemic avian H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses. Safety and immunogenicity of CV9103 in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate-cancer. Relationship between the vaccine and myocarditis. Develop 2 mRNA vaccines based on the EBOV envelope glycoprotein, which differed by the nature of signal peptide for improved glycoprotein post-translational translocation. |
A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. The mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy at preventing Covid-19 illness, including severe disease. Women who are vaccinated at later times during early pregnancy have less time during which they are at risk for pregnancy loss. Antibody-mediated response to the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine in patients with CLL is markedly impaired and affected by disease activity and treatment. A prophylactic mRNA-based candidate vaccine can induce boostable functional antibodies against a viral antigen when administered with a needle-free device, the vaccine was generally safe with a reasonable tolerability profile. The first mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses were well tolerated and elicited robust humoral immune responses. The self adjuvant RNActive® vaccine CV9103 was well tolerated and immunogenic. The incidence of myocarditis, increased after the receipt of the BNT162b2 vaccine, particularly after the second dose among young male recipients, and the clinical presentation of myocarditis after vaccination was usually mild. Vaccination of guinea pigs induced EBOV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody responses and 100% survival after EBOV infection. |
Covid-19, cancer, Influenza virus, Rabies Virus, Ebola Virus, Covid-19 and myocarditis |
| Vaccination36–46–52,53-57–59-76–78-80–81-86–88-90–96-97–100-104–111-125–128 | Vaccines prevent asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, when administered in real-world conditions, is less well understood. Antibody and memory B cell responses following Vaccination. Utilize autologous DCs transfected with autologous Glioblastoma stem cells GSC-mRNA to induce an immune response against the patient’s own GSCs. The effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes. TriMix DCs can be co-electroporated with whole tumor-antigen – encoding mRNA. The immunogenicity of Covid-19 vaccine in pregnant and lactating women. Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with hTERT mRNA has the potential to induce strong immune responses to multiple hTERT epitopes and is therefore an attractive approach to more potent immunotherapy. |
The authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are effective for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of symptom status, among working-age adults in real-world conditions. The utility of defining cellular responses in addition to serologies and may inform SARS-CoV-2 vaccine distribution in a resource-limited setting. Establishment of autologous GSC cultures under good manufacturing procedures (GMP) is feasible, and the vaccination against GSCs is safe, well-tolerated, and may prolong recurrence-free survival. A third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective in protecting individuals against severe COVID-19-related outcomes, compared with receiving only two doses at least 5 months ago. Therapeutic vaccination with autologous TriMix-DC is feasible, safe, and immunogenic and can be combined with sequential IFN-a-2b. Covid-19 vaccine was immunogenic in pregnant women, and vaccine elicited antibodies were transported to infant cord blood and breast milk. The feasibility of vaccination with DCs loaded with mRNA encoding a defined antigen for the identification of immunogenic T-cell epitopes provides an opportunity for direct and fast discovery of novel T-cell epitopes from any tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigen. |
Covid-19, cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV-1 |
| Risk factors associated with m RNA vaccination47,60,62,72,73,75,79,82,95,98,99,101,102,106,109,109,112,114 | Factors associated with vaccine coverage for both vaccines and documented the vaccine effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a cohort of health-care workers undergoing regular asymptomatic testing. Describe myocarditis presenting after Covid-19 vaccination. Characterize humoral immunity in mRNA-COVID-19 multiple sclerosis vaccines treated with high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies. Immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in patients with AIIRD compared with control subjects without rheumatic diseases or immunosuppressive therapies. Analyze the humoral response following full vaccination with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) in 136 kidney transplant recipients. Monitor 23 serious outcomes weekly, using comprehensive health records on a diverse population. Study patients of a cute myocarditis vaccinated by Covid-19 vaccine. Investigate the humoral and cellular immune response to messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) on immunomodulatory treatment. |
Vaccine lower coverage was associated with previous infection, gender, age, ethnicity, job role, and Index of Multiple Deprivation score. BNT162b2 vaccine can prevent both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection in working-age adults. Potential for rare vaccine related adverse events must be considered in the context of the well-established risk of morbidity, including cardiac injury, following Covid-19 infection. Cladribine treatment does not impair humoral response to COVID-19 vaccination. mRNA BNTb262 vaccine was immunogenic in the majority of patients with AIIRD, with an acceptable safety profile. Treatment with glucocorticoids, rituximab, MMF, and abatacept was associated with a significantly reduced BNT162b2-induced immunogenicity. The most kidney transplant recipients remain at high risk for COVID-19 despite vaccination. The incidence of serious outcomes, including acute myocardial infection, Bell palsy, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myocarditis/pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, stroke and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome was not significantly higher 1 to 21 days post vaccination compared with 22 to 42 days post vaccination. Magnetic resonance imaging found to be consistent with acute myocarditis in covid-19 patients. Different strategies may need to be explored in patients with IMID taking methotrexate to increase the chances of immunization efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 as has been demonstrated for augmenting immunogenicity to other viral vaccines. |
Covid-19, Covid-19 and multiple sclerosis, Covid-19 and autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD), Covid-19 and kidney disease, Covid-19 and myocarditis, Covid-19 and hematological malignancies and Covid-19 and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases |
| MRNA vaccine delivery55,63,64,68,71,105,107,117 | Efficient delivery of mRNA vaccines will be key for their success and translation to the clinic. Inject intradermally protamine-stabilized mRNAs coding for Melan-A, Tyrosinase, gp100, Mage-A1, Mage-A3, and Survivin in 21 metastatic melanoma patients. In mice intradermal application of naked mRNA results in protein expression and the development of an immune response. Test and studied globin-stabilized mRNA-based vaccination in mice. |
Among potential non-viral vectors, lipid nanoparticles are particularly promising in cancer. Direct injection of protamine-protected mRNA is feasible and safe. Treatment with naked mRNA results in protein expression is feasible and safe (phase 1 criteria). Furthermore, an increase in antitumor humoral immune response was seen in some patients. Administration of globin UTR-stabilized mRNA is a versatile vaccination strategy that can be manipulated to fit the requirement of antiviral, antibacterial or antitumor immunity. The observed tumor immunity correlates with splenic antigen-specific CD81 T cells and is achieved only when mRNA is delivered in nanoparticle but not in naked format. |
Cancer and HIV-1 |