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. 2022 Nov 29;13:1034662. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1034662

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Copyright © 2022 Tao, Hanson, Dohnalkova, Buchko, Jin, Shaw and Tarasevich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Typical curves for the kinetics of mineralization of calcium phosphate in the absence of protein (CTRL) or the presence of 200 μg/ml wild-type and mechanistic probe proteins at 22°C. The rpM179 curve (red) is labeled to show the different stages of mineralization: P1, the formation of ACP; P2, the ACP to HAP transition region; and P3, the growth and ripening of HAP. (B) Mean induction times (duration of P1) for the ACP to HAP phase transformation listed from the shortest induction time to the longest induction time. (C) TEM image showing ACP nanoparticles formed during P1 (0.5 h) for rpM179. (D) TEM electron diffraction pattern for the image in (C). (E) TEM image showing HAP ribbons formed at 24 h for rpM179. (F) TEM electron diffraction pattern for the image in (C).