TABLE 2.
Tonics targeting hallmarks as adjuvants in gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers via OMICs.
| Compound, herb, and formula | Tonics (in formula) | Cancer | Study form | OMICs and role | Dose or concentration | Mechanism | Targeted hallmark | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginsenoside-Rp1 | Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma a | Colorectal | In vitro | Proteomics with proliferation assay and propidium iodine staining for screening the signaling pathway | 60 mM | ↑ Apo-A1 | Sustaining proliferative signaling pathways | Kim et al. (2014) |
| Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) | Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma a | Colon | In vitro | Transcriptomics and network pharmacology for screening the drug compatibility and the signaling pathway | GLY-PUE combination (GLY, 60 and 70 μM) | ↑GSK3B and ↓CTNNB1 | Sustaining proliferative signaling pathways | Li et al. (2021b) |
| Jujube polysaccharides | Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao a | Colorectal | In vivo | Metabolomics and transcriptomics for screening the effects on metabolisms and the gut microbiota | 200 and 1,000 mg/kg | ↑ short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus | Inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis | Ji et al. (2019) |
| American ginseng | Panacis Quinquefolii Radix a | Colon | In vivo | Metabolomics for screening the dysregulated metabolism pathways | 10 and 20 mg/kg/d | ↓ (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF, and GM-CSF); ↑ (arachidonic acid, linolelaidic acid, glutamate, docosahexaenoate, tryptophan, and fructose) | Inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis | Xie et al. (2015) |
| Jujube polysaccharides | Jujubae Fructus a | Colorectal | In vivo | Transcriptomics for screening the effects on the gut microbiota | 1,000 mg/kg/d | ↑ short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and ↓ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes | Inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis | Ji et al. (2020) |
| American ginseng | Panacis Quinquefolii Radix a | Colon | In vitro and in vivo | Metabolomics and transcriptomics for studies on restoring the metabolomic and microbiota profiles | 15 and 30 mg/kg/d | ↓ (1L-1a, 1L-1B, 1L-6, G-CSF, GM-GSF), ↓ malic acid and 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, and ↓ Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia | Inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis | Wang et al. (2016a) |
| Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) | Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch. a | Colon | In vivo | Transcriptomics with HE staining for screening the effects on the gut microbiota | 500 mg/kg | ↑ (Enterorhabdus, Odoribacter, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_010, Enterococcus, Ruminiclostridium_5), and ↓ (Parasutterella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Blautia) | Inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis | Zhang et al. (2018) |
| Isoliquritigenin (ILTG) | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. a | Colon | In vitro | Epigenomics with cytotoxicity assay and an ethidium bromide displacement assay for screening the methylation genes | 11.1 μg/ml | ↓DNA methylation | Genomic instability and mutation | Zorko et al. (2010) |
| Astragalus membranaceus extract | Astragalus membranaceus (Fischer) Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao (AM) a | Colorectal | In vivo | Transcriptomics for screening the mechanisms | 500 mg/kg/d | Regulating epigenetic-related genes including KMT2D, BRD2, CREBBP, and ARID1A | Genome instability mutation | Tseng et al. (2016) |
| Compound K | Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma a | Colon | In vitro | Genomics for screening the signaling pathways | 20 ± 1.0 μg/ml | ↓histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, mRNA, and protein expression. ↑RUNX3 and p21 | Genome instability mutation | Kang et al. (2013) |
| Daikenchuto (DKT) | Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma a | Colon | Clinical study (after laparoscopic colectomy) | Metabolomics and transcriptomics for screening the effects on metabolomic pathways and gut microbiota | 5g, t.i.d | ↓arachidonic acid cascade and ↓Serratia and Bilophila | Enhancing body resistance by reduction gastrointestinal symptoms | Hanada et al. (2021) |
| Quxie capsules | Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma a , Zingiberis Rhizoma, Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum, Crotonis Fructus, Gleditsiae Spina | Colorectal | Clinical study (after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy) | Metabolomics and transcriptomics for screening the effects on metabolomic pathways and gut microbiota | 0.05 g/kg, b.i.d | Improving beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract and reducing the distribution ratio of harmful bacteria via modulating nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, anthocyanin and tryptophan metabolism pathway | Enhancing body resistance to carcinogenesis | Sun et al. (2021a) |
| Astragalus membranaceus-Curcuma wenyujin (AC) | Astragalus membranaceus a | Colorectal | In vivo | Metabolomics for screening the drug compatibility and the signaling pathway and the energetic signaling pathways | AC at the ratio of 2:1 | ↓(valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, caffeine metabolism pathway, and retinol metabolism pathways) | Activating invasion and metastasis and deregulating cellular energetics | Sun et al. (2021b) |
| Polysaccharides and ginsenosides | American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) a | Gastrointestinal | In vitro and in vivo | Metabolomics and transcriptomics for studying synergistic mechanisms | 1,500 mg/kg/d) + ginsenoside (150 mg/kg/d, AGP_AGG | ↓ CTX-induced intestinal immune disorders and gut barrier dysfunctions | Enhancing body resistance to carcinogenesis | Zhou et al. (2021a) |
a
Tonics.
↑: induction, upregulation, or activation; ↓: reduction, downregulation, or inactivation.