Table 9.
Associations from selected models between incident prostate cancer and exposure to ambient hexane evaluated from addresses at time of interview, Montreal, Canada, 2005 to 2012.
| Model 1 (age-adjusted) | Model 2 (adjusted for personal variablesa) | Model 7—(adjusted for all personal and environmental and area-wide covariablesb excluding covariables not associated with the VOC according to the 5% rulec) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Mean hexane | |||
| Mean hexane—change from 5% to 25% percentile (6.38 to 6.88) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.56) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.52) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.56) |
| Mean hexane—change from 25% to 75% percentile (6.88 to 7.90) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) |
| Mean hexane—change from 75% to 95% percentile (7.90 to 9.19) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) |
| Including only recently screened or tested controlsd | |||
| Excluding unscreened controls | |||
| Mean hexane—change from 5% to 25% percentile (6.37 to 6.87) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) |
| Mean hexane—change from 25% to 75% percentile (6.87 to 7.90) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) |
| Mean hexane—change from 75% to 95% percentile (7.90 to 9.14) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) |
| Low-gradee | |||
| Mean hexane—change from 5% to 25% percentile (6.38 to 6.87) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) |
| Mean hexane—change from 25% to 75% percentile (6.87 to 7.91) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) |
| Mean hexane—change from 75% to 95% percentile (7.91 to 9.24) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) |
| High-gradee | |||
| Mean hexane—change from 5% to 25% percentile (6.35 to 6.86) | 1.39 (1.01, 1.92) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.85) | 1.28 (0.92, 1.77) |
| Mean hexane—change from 25% to 75% percentile (6.86 to 7.92) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) | 0.76 (0.59, 0.99) |
| Mean hexane—change from 75% to 95% percentile (7.92 to 9.20) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.74 (0.57, 0.95) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.80) |
Screened controls refer to those who were screened for prostate cancer within the last two years before interview. High-grade defined as Gleason scores >7 or [4 + 3] and low-grade were Gleason scores <7 or [3 + 4] tumors, retaining the full set of controls.
aThis model included age, ancestry, 1st degree family history, family income, marital status, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol drink-years, frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, and history of diabetes.
bThe environmental variables included NDVI using a 1-km buffer from the centroid of the 6-character postal code and concentrations of NO2 and ultrafine particles inferred from land-use regression models at the address of participants. The census variables included percentages not complete high school, low income and recent immigrants, unemployment rate, and median household income evaluated for the 6-character postal code. The occupational exposures considered were monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chromium, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel fumes, and unleaded gasoline fumes.
cThe 5% rule refers to excluding a variable that in the age-adjusted models for each VOC did not change the estimate of effect by more than 5%. For VOCs modeled as cubic splines, we applied this rule to any of the regression coefficients on the cubic spline function.
dScreened or tested controls refer to those who were screened or tested medically for prostate cancer within the last 2 years before interview.
eHigh-grade defined as Gleason scores ≥7 or [4 + 3] and low-grade were Gleason scores <7 or [3 + 4] tumors, retaining the full set of controls.