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. 2022 Nov 22;7(22):e163347. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.163347

Figure 3. Dynamic changes in innate immune responses in monocytes after induction by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.

Figure 3

(A) Overview of the experiments. Restimulation of monocytes isolated from PBMCs on D0, D20, and D49 with R848 for 6 or 24 hours (n =4 per group). All 4 individuals included in the ATAC-Seq analysis (in Figure 2) were included in the restimulation experiment. R848 is a ligand for TLR7 and TLR8, which mimics single-stranded RNA viral pathogens. (B) Concentrations of type I IFNs (IFN-α2 and IFN-β) in the culture supernatant after stimulation of isolated monocytes with R848 (100 ng/mL) for 24 hours (D0, D20, and D49; n = 4 per group). Type I IFN levels were measured by a bead-based immunoassay. Each dot represents an individual. (C) Antiviral and IFN-stimulated gene (APOBEC3A, IFITM1, ISG15, GBP5, TNFSF10, and WARS) expression levels were quantified by qPCR before and after stimulation of isolated monocytes with R848 (100 ng/mL) for 6 and 24 hours (n = 4 per group). The gene expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH. Each dot represents an individual. ISGs, IFN-stimulated genes.