Table 2.

Gene-based Association Analyses of 21 Noncoding Variants in Caveolin-1

Analysis	Study	Trait	Sample Size	Number of Variants	Burden Effect	Burden P Value	SKAT P Value
Stage I	CFS	AHI	487	21	−0.51	1.1 × 10−5	0.03
Stage II	FHS	AHI	468	16	−0.15	0.06	0.75
	ARIC	AHI	1,006	17	−0.08	0.17	0.73
	CHS	AHI	668	15	−0.12	0.05	0.21
	MESA	AHI	630	19	−0.33	0.02	0.19
Stages I and II	Meta-analysis	AHI	3,259	—	—	1.2 × 10−6	0.15
Stage III	ARIC	AHI	583	14	−0.07	0.24	0.48
	FHS	AHI	181	18	−0.18	0.03	0.58
	MrOS	AHI	2,178	17	−0.29	0.01	0.10
	WASHS	AHI	1,507	14	−0.04	0.18	0.39
	Meta-analysis	AHI	4,449	—	—	3.1 × 10−3	0.34
Stages I, II, and III	Meta-analysis	AHI	7,708	—	—	7.4 × 10−8	0.20
Generalization	UKB	OSA case-control	16,052	19	−57.8	0.19	0.283
Gene expression	MESA	CAV1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell	922	16	13.6	0.39	0.08
	MESA	CAV1 expression in T cell	404	15	27.4	0.04	0.09
	MESA	CAV1 expression in monocyte	401	15	6.0	0.66	0.86

Definition of abbreviations: AHI = apnea–hypopnea index; ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; CAV1 = Caveolin-1; CFS = Cleveland Family Study; CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study; FHS = Framingham Heart Study; MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MrOS = Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; SKAT = sequence kernel association test; UKB = UK Biobank; WASHS = Western Australian Sleep Health Study.