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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2022 Jan 31;14(3):734–756. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12344

TABLE 2.

Associations between COVID-19-related stressors and indices of mental health and well-being during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, controlling for pre-pandemic levels of these outcomes

Depression
symptoms (PHQ)
Anxiety symptoms
(GAD)
Satisfaction with life
β (SE) p value β (SE) p value β (SE) p value
January 2020 Score on Outcome 0.43 (.04) <.001 0.46 (0.04) <.001 0.58 (0.03) <.001
Birth sex (0 = female; 1 = male) −0.21 (.13) .093 −0.54 (0.13) <.001 −0.53 (0.49) .277
Age 0.05 (.03) .154 0.02 (0.03) .620 0.10 (0.13) .427
Race (White = reference)
 Asian/Asian American −0.42 (.16) .009 −0.45 (0.17) .007 0.11 (0.63) .860
 Hispanic/Latinx −0.34 (.22) .120 −0.22 (0.23) .333 0.35 (0.85) .681
 Other race ethnicity −0.33 (.16) .045 0.34 (0.19) .070 −0.85 (0.64) .187
Job-related stressors 0.07 (.07) .349 −0.09 (0.07) .238 0.00 (0.27) .988
Social/relational-related stressors 0.44 (.06) <.001 0.28 (0.07) <.001 −0.89 (0.25) <.001
Financial-related stressors 0.01 (.08) .834 0.18 (0.09) .043 −1.18 (0.32) <.001
Illness-related stressors 0.10 (.07) .124 0.27 (0.07) <.001 −0.13 (0.26) .628

Note: N = 519 young adults.