Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression for Risk Factors of Increased Depression, Personal Burnout, and Work-Related Burnout Among Health Care Professionals
| Depression∗ |
Personal Burnout† |
Work-Related Burnout‡ |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude |
Adjust |
Crude |
Adjust |
Crude |
Adjust |
|||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Unit | ||||||||||||
| Non–COVID-related unit | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| COVID-related unit | 1.33 (1.00, 1.76) | .049§ | 1.15 (0.85, 1.56) | .354 | 1.11 (0.8, 1.56) | .513 | — | — | 1.39 (1.10, 1.76) | .005§ | 1.02 (0.78, 1.35) | .839 |
| Profession | ||||||||||||
| Physicians | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| Nurses | 1.42 (0.97, 2.10) | .076 | — | — | 1.87 (1.14, 3.06) | .012§ | 1.36 (0.74, 2.50) | .312 | 1.99 (1.49, 2.66) | <.0001§ | 1.54 (1.02, 2.32) | .037§ |
| Other medical technician | 1.10 (0.71, 1.73) | .665 | — | — | 1.39 (0.80, 2.44) | .238 | 1.41 (0.77, 2.60) | .261 | 1.06 (0.76, 1.48) | .71 | 1.26 (0.84, 1.88) | .256 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Female | 1.86 (1.30, 2.67) | .001§ | 1.45 (0.99, 2.12) | .053 | 1.57 (1.05, 2.34) | .026§ | 1.07 (0.66, 1.75) | .76 | 1.99 (1.55, 2.55) | <.0001§ | 1.21 (0.86, 1.69) | .268 |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 21-30 y | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| 31-40 y | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) | .423 | 0.85 (0.63, 1.13) | .277 | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | .053 | 0.71 (0.51, 1.00) | .053 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.12) | .391 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | .191 |
| 41-50 y | 0.96 (0.71, 1.30) | .786 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.24) | .529 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.43) | .881 | 1.05 (0.73, 1.50) | .78 | 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) | .907 | 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) | .448 |
| ≥51 y | 0.64 (0.44, 0.95) | .026§ | 0.75 (0.49, 1.14) | .18 | 0.55 (0.34, 0.87) | .011§ | 0.65 (0.40, 1.06) | .089 | 0.47 (0.35, 0.63) | <.0001§ | 0.50 (0.28, 0.90) | .021§ |
| Seniority | ||||||||||||
| 1-10 y | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| 11-20 y | 1.22 (0.92, 1.62) | .165 | — | — | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | .776 | — | — | 1.08 (0.85, 1.36) | .509 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.53) | .599 |
| ≥21 y | 0.81 (0.60, 1.10) | .173 | — | — | 0.86 (0.61, 1.20) | .391 | — | — | 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) | .009§ | 1.09 (0.67, 1.77) | .72 |
| BMI | ||||||||||||
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
| Abnormal | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | .828 | — | — | 0.75 (0.56, 1.01) | .066 | — | — | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | .962 | — | — |
| Waistline | ||||||||||||
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
| Abnormal | 0.78 (0.48, 1.26) | .304 | — | — | 0.67 (0.37, 1.21) | .188 | — | — | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) | .752 | — | — |
| Lifestyle | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.32, 2.86) | .944 | — | — | 0.30 (0.04, 2.30) | .252 | — | — | 1.80 (0.75, 4.31) | .186 | — | — |
| Drinking | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.48, 2.08) | .996 | — | — | 1.11 (0.49, 2.52) | .786 | — | — | 1.02 (0.57, 1.81) | .936 | — | — |
| Sleepless | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 2.62 (2.07, 3.31) | <.0001§ | 2.08 (1.62, 2.67) | <.0001§ | 1.85 (1.42, 2.41) | <.0001§ | 1.49 (1.13, 1.98) | .005§ | 3.79 (3.15, 4.55) | <.0001§ | 2.76 (2.25, 3.37) | <.0001§ |
| Exercise | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 0.71 (0.56, 0.90) | .004§ | 0.80 (0.62, 1.02) | .08 | 0.60 (0.45, 0.79) | .0004§ | 0.65 (0.49, 0.87) | .004§ | 0.59 (0.49, 0.71) | <.0001§ | 0.68 (0.55, 0.83) | .0002§ |
| Eating out | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| 1 meal | 0.90 (0.57, 1.44) | .663 | — | — | 0.99 (0.56, 1.76) | .989 | — | — | 1.45 (1.00, 2.11) | .045§ | 1.13 (0.74, 1.70) | .56 |
| 2 meals | 1.13 (0.72, 1.79) | .59 | — | — | 1.18 (0.67, 2.06) | .554 | — | — | 2.15 (1.49, 3.10) | <.0001§ | 1.28 (0.84, 1.93) | .238 |
| 3 meals | 1.16 (0.74, 1.81) | .526 | — | — | 1.62 (0.94, 2.78) | .08 | — | — | 2.28 (1.59, 3.28) | <.0001 | 1.19 (0.78, 1.80) | .40 |
| Shift | ||||||||||||
| Day shift | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Night shift | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | .493 | 0.95 (0.60, 1.50) | .827 | 1.06 (0.64, 1.78) | .8 | 0.88 (0.51, 1.51) | .643 | 1.75 (1.25, 2.46) | .0011§ | 1.30 (0.87, 1.93) | .189 |
| Shift (regular) | 1.46 (0.94, 2.29) | .096 | 1.06 (0.66, 1.70) | .806 | 1.43 (0.85, 2.40) | .177 | 1.12 (0.65, 1.94) | .671 | 1.42 (0.98, 2.07) | .062 | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | .639 |
| Shift (irregular) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.77) | .014§ | 1.03 (0.78, 1.36) | .798 | 1.61 (1.21, 2.14) | .001§ | 1.29 (0.94, 1.78) | .107 | 1.46 (1.19, 1.8) | .0002§ | 0.95 (0.74, 1.23) | .744 |
| Feeling a bad work environment | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 0.65 (0.50, 0.85) | .001§ | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | .178 | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | .014§ | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | .177 | 0.43 (0.34, 0.54) | <.0001§ | 0.56 (0.43, 0.73) | <.0001§ |
| Daily working hours | ||||||||||||
| ≤8 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
| >8 | 1.68 (1.34, 2.10) | <.0001§ | 1.62 (1.12, 2.35) | .009§ | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) | .058 | — | — | 1.86 (1.56, 2.22) | <.0001§ | 1.13 (0.82, 1.56) | .429 |
| Weekly hours of work | ||||||||||||
| ≤40 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| >40 | 1.35 (1.08, 1.69) | .009§ | 0.74 (0.52, 1.08) | .122 | 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) | .035§ | 1.17 (0.88, 1.54) | .259 | 1.73 (1.45, 2.07) | <.0001§ | 1.20 (0.88, 1.64) | .239 |
| Overtime | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| 1-10 h | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | .882 | — | — | 0.81 (0.60, 1.10) | .192 | — | — | 1.05 (0.85, 1.31) | .603 | — | — |
| 11-20 h | 0.74 (0.40, 1.38) | .343 | — | — | 0.78 (0.38, 1.6) | .504 | — | — | 1.28 (0.8, 2.074) | .298 | — | — |
| >20 h | 0.47 (0.06, 3.74) | .477 | — | — | 0.61 (0.07, 4.96) | .651 | — | — | 2.52 (0.64, 9.89) | .183 | — | — |
| Daily stressful workload | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 2.07 (1.64, 2.61) | <.0001§ | 1.54 (1.20, 2.00) | .0008§ | 1.69 (1.3, 2.20) | <.0001§ | 1.38 (1.03, 1.85) | .026§ | 3.12 (2.60, 3.74) | <.0001§ | 2.14 (1.74, 2.63) | <.0001§ |
BMI, body mass index.
Adjusted for COVID-related unit, Gender, Age, Sleepless, Exercise, Shift, Feeling a bad work environment, Daily working hours, Weekly hours of work, Feeling a stressful workload. The definition of worsening depression was ascertained if each participant’s mental health category increased from 2019 to 2020.
Adjusted for Job, Gender, Age, Sleepless, Exercise, Shift, Feeling a bad work environment, Weekly hours of work, Feeling a stressful workload. The definition of an increased burnout level was ascertained if each participants' personal burnout category increased from 2019 to 2020.
Adjusted for COVID-related unit, Job, Gender, Age, Seniority, Sleepless, Exercise, Feeling a bad work environment, Eating out, Shift, Daily working hours, Weekly hours of work, Feeling a stressful workload. The definition of an increased burnout level was ascertained if each participants' work-related burnout category increased from 2019 to 2020.
P < .05 as significant.