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. 2022 Dec 13;13:7728. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35509-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — In maturing and mature seeds, H3.3 is loaded at the 5′ gene ends/promoters and establishes chromatin accessibility. During germination and seedling development, H3.3 is gradually removed from the 5′ gene ends, but the accessibility established by H3.3 is largely maintained probably by the binding of transcription factors (as indicated by the dashed border), and this may allow proper gene transcriptional regulation (activation or repression) during post-embryonic development. On the other hand, H3.3 is constantly deposited around the 3′ gene ends and prevents chromatin opening and cryptic transcription. Loss of H3.3 causes reduced and increased chromatin accessibility at 5′ and 3′ gene ends respectively, and results in compromised transcriptional regulation and severely impaired post-embryonic development. H2A.Z and the 5′ and 3′ specific histone modifications may also contribute to the H3.3-mediated chromatin accessibility control.