Fig. 3.

Comprehensive stability performance of unencapsulated PSCs. a EL stability performance of IC-PSCs and reference PSCs. b Reverse-bias stability performance of IC-PSC and reference PSC tested by J–V sweeping after 60 s under different reverse biases. c The long-term stability performance of the IC-PSC and reference PSC in N₂ (25 °C). d The MPP tracking performance of the IC-PSC and reference PSC under continuous light illumination (white LED, neither cooling nor UV filters were used in this test). e Humidity stability performance of IC-PSC and reference PSC (relative humidity, ~ 50%). f Thermal stability performance of IC-PSC and reference PSC aged at 70 °C in a glove box