Table 1.
Main characteristics of included studies
| Study (year) | Study design | SIC definition | Patient number (SIC, non-SIC) | Time of echocardiogram | Age(years) | Cardiovascular comorbidity (%) | APACHE score | Hospital LOS (days) | Inotropic agents (%) | Mechanical ventilation (%) | Septic shock (%) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artucio (1989) [21] | Cohort study | LVSD: PEP/LVET > 42% | 33, 16 | Day 1 | 38.8 ± 2.3 | Excluded septic shock | NA | NA | 0 | 63 | 0 | Mortality |
| Charpentier (2004) [10] | Cohort study | LVSD: FAC < 50% | 15, 19 | Day 2 | 56 ± 2.7 | Excluded CAD | NA | NA |
SIC 66.6 non-SIC 73.6 |
SIC 60 Non-SIC 47 |
74 | One-month mortality |
| Pulido (2012) [22] | Cohort study |
LVSD: LVEF < 50% or LVDD: E/e' > 15 or RVD: s' < 15 cm/s |
68, 38 | Day 1 |
Survivors 63 ± 15 Non-survivors 69 ± 15 |
Excluded CAD |
APACHE iii Survivors 83.8 ± 28 Non-survivors 96.3 ± 31 |
NA |
LVSD 21 LVDD 20 RVD 30 non-SIC 16 |
LVSD 86 LVDD 62 RVD 82 Non-SIC 74 |
NA |
One-month mortality One-year mortality |
| Landesberg (2012) [8] | Cohort study | LVDD: e' < 8 cm/s | 131, 95 | Day 2 |
Survivors 56 ± 21 Non-survivors 70 ± 17 |
Excluded CAD |
APACHE ii Survivors 18.8 ± 6.5 Non-survivors 24.5 ± 7.6 |
NA |
EPI 21 DA / DBA 8 |
100 | 62 | In-hospital mortality |
| Wilhelm (2013) [19] | Cohort study | LVSD: ACP ≤ 80% | NA | Day 1 |
Sepsis 68 (54–76) Severe sepsis 71 (57–79) Septic shock 69 (59–77) |
NA |
APACHE ii Sepsis 14 (10–18) Severe sepsis 17 (13–23) Septic shock 23 (18–29) |
NA | NA | NA | 19 | One-month mortality |
| Mourad (2013) [23] | Case–control study | LVDD: e' ≤ 8 cm/s | 33, 39 | Day 2 | 58 (49–66) | CAD 6.9% | NA | NA | NA |
SIC 54.5 Non-SIC 30.7 |
100 | ICU mortality |
| Prabhu (2015) [24] | Case–control study | LVSD: LVEF < 50% | 18, 48 | NA | 53.71 ± 16.76 | Excluded CAD |
APACHE iii Survivor 70.65 ± 13.27 Nonsurvivor 89.34 ± 15.41 |
9.76 ± 4.21 | DA 19.7% | NA | 100 | Mortality |
| Sato (2016) [25] | Cohort study |
LVSD: LVEF < 50% Decreased ≥ 10% EF Recovered within 2 weeks |
29, 181 | Day 1 |
SIC 69 (57–79) Non-SIC 77 (65–85) |
CAD 12 HF 20 |
APACHE ii SIC 27 non-SIC 21 |
SIC 43 non-SIC 26 |
AVP SIC 37.9 non-SIC 13.3 |
NA | 51 |
In-hospital mortality One-month mortality |
| Vallabhajosyula (2016) [28] | Cohort study |
LVSD: LVEF < 50% or LVDD: E/e' > 15 |
LVSD (17, 41) LVDD (11, 47) |
Day 1 | 68.0 (54.8–76.0) |
CAD 19 AF 24 |
APACHE iii 86.0 (72.0—115.5) |
LVSD: 14.7 (9.2–20.5) non LVSD: 23.0 (8.0–34.4) LVDD: 23.1 (8.2–31.8) non LVDD: 15.9 (9.0–31.0) |
NA | 100 | NA | In-hospital mortality |
| Vallabhajosyula (2017) [26] | Cohort study | RVD: TAPSE < 16 mm | 214, 174 | Day 3 |
IRVD 65.6 (55.2–77.5) RVD/LVD 69.3 (55.3–77.4) No RVD 64.7 (53.4–74.7) |
CAD 14.4 |
APACHE iii IRVD 85.5 (68.3–110) RVD/LVD 84.0 (69.0–104) No RVD 81.0 (66.0–105) |
IRVD 9.3 (5.8–19.4) RVD/LVD 8.5 (6.0–14.4) No RVD 9.8 (6.1–16.6) |
NA |
IRVD 67.0 RVD/LVD 50.9 No RVD 50.6 |
IRVD 80.0 RVD/LVD 71.9 No RVD 68.4 |
In-hospital mortality One-year mortality |
| Narváez (2017) [29] | Cohort study | LVSD: LVEF < 50% | 13, 44 | Day 1 |
SIC 54.5 ± 12.9 Non-SIC 64.4 ± 16.6 |
Excluded CAD |
APACHE ii SIC 20.8 ± 8.7 Non-SIC 19.6 ± 8.1 |
SIC 22.66 ± 21.10 Non-SIC 24.24 ± 20.85 |
DBA 31.5 |
SIC 50.0 Non-SIC 43.2 |
SIC 76.9 Non-SIC 68.2% |
ICU mortality In-hospital mortality |
| Boissier (2017) [20] | Cohort study | LVSD: LVEF < 45% | 29, 103 | Day 1 |
*Hypokinesia 64 (50–71) Normokinesia 65 (54–75) Hyperkinesia 63 (50–75) |
Excluded CAD | NA | NA |
EPI 4.5 DBA 10.6 |
80 | 100 |
ICU mortality In-hospital mortality |
| Vallabhajosyula (2018) [30] | Cohort study | LVSD: LVEF < 50% | 206, 228 | Day 3 |
SIC 68.0 (55.7–78.1) Non-SIC 65.6 (55.3–77.1) |
CAD 20 AF 10 |
APACHE iii SIC 85 (70–109) Non-SIC 82 (68–103) |
SIC 8.7 (6–15) Non-SIC 9.1 (6–18.8) |
NA |
SIC 52.4 Non-SIC 55.7 |
SIC 72.8 Non-SIC 70.6 |
In-hospital mortality Two-year mortality |
| Jeong (2018) [27] | Cohort study |
LVSD: LVEF < 50%, Decreased ≥ 10% EF and Recovered within 2 weeks |
25, 273 | Day 1 |
SIC 70.6 ± 14.7 Non-SIC 71.8 ± 11.8 |
HF 12 CAD 5.3 AF 8 |
NA |
SIC 20.8 ± 26.0 Non-SIC 30.2 ± 35.0 |
44.2% | NA | NA | In-hospital mortality |
| Rahasto (2019) [31] | Cohort study | LVSD: abnormal LVEF undefined | 15, 87 | Day 1 | 48 ± 18 | Excluded CAD | NA | NA | NA | NA | 100 | Ten days mortality |
| Lahham (2020) [33] | Cohort study | RVD: TAPSE < 16 mm | 8, 16 | NA | 56 ± 18 | Excluded CAD | NA | 4.91 ± 3.08 | NA | 0 | NA | In-hospital mortality |
| Shin (2020) [34] | Cohort study | LVSD: LVEF < 50% | 36, 330 | Day 2 |
†Reduced 75.4 ± 12.5 Normal 72.3 ± 13.5 Hyperdynamic 72.8 ± 13.0 |
Exclude CAD | NA |
†Reduced 23.2 ± 22.7 Normal 25.5 ± 22.2 Hyperdynamic 17.9 ± 14.0 |
NA | NA | NA | In-hospital mortality |
| Innocenti (Mar.2020) [36] | Cohort study | RVD: TAPSE < 16 mm | 85, 167 | Day 1 |
SIC 77 ± 13 Non-SIC 71 ± 15 |
CAD 19 |
APACHE ii SIC 19 ± 5 Non-SIC 18 ± 5 |
NA | NA | 0 | 40 |
Seven days mortality One-month mortality |
| Song (2020) [35] | Cohort study |
LVSD: LVEF < 50%, Decreased ≥ 10% LVEF and Recovered within 2 weeks |
49, 259 | Day 2 |
SIC 65.1 ± 11.2 Non-SIC 64.6 ± 15.0 |
Excluded patients without baseline echocardiography |
APACHE ii SIC 26.4 ± 9.3 Non-SIC 24.6 ± 8.6 |
NA |
SIC 100 Non-SIC 94.9 |
SIC 73.5 Non-SIC 63.3 |
SIC 100 Non-SIC 95 |
ICU mortality In-hospital mortality One-month mortality |
| Kim (2020) [32] | Cohort study |
LVSD: LVEF < 50% or LVDD: E/e' > 15 or RVD: TAPSE < 16 mm |
270, 508 | Day 3 |
SIC 67.0 (58.0–75.0) Non-SIC 68.0 (55.8–76.0) |
Excluded CAD Excluded Pt with normal troponin I |
NA | NA | NA |
SIC 50 Non-SIC 43.2 |
100 | One-month mortality |
| Lanspa (2020) [18] | Cohort study |
RVD: FAC < 35% or TAPSE < 16 mm |
181, 194 | Day 1 |
SIC 64.7 ± 16.0 Non-SIC 60.9 ± 16.5 |
NA |
APACHE ii SIC 27.1 ± 10.1 Non-SIC 24.4 ± 10.1 |
NA | NA |
SIC 28.7 Non-SIC 24.2 |
NA | One-month mortality |
| Innocenti (Oct.2020) [37] | Cohort study | RVD: TAPSE < 16 mm | 120, 234 | Day 1 |
Shock 74 ± 12 Non-shock 74 ± 14 |
Excluded MV patients | NA | NA | NA | 0% | 40 |
Seven days mortality One-month mortality |
| Chayakul (2020) [38] | Cohort study | LVSD: LVEF < 50% | 24, 51 | Day 1 |
SIC 73.1 ± 17.4 Non-SIC 65.8 ± 16.5 |
HFpEF 18.6 |
APACHE ii SIC 25.7 ± 6.7 Non-SIC 22.3 ± 5.6 |
NA |
EPI 9.3 DA 6.6 DBA 6.6 |
SIC 50.0 Non-SIC 17.6 |
SIC 62.5 Non-SIC 68.6 |
In-hospital mortality |
SIC Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, LVSD Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, LVDD Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, RVD right ventricular dysfunction, PEP/LVET Pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time ratio, FAC Fractional area change, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, ACP Afterload-related cardiac performance, CAD Coronary artery disease, HF Heart failure, APACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score, ICU Intensive care unit, LOS Length of stay, EPI Epinephrine, DA Dopamine, DBA Dobutamine, AVP Vasopressin, NA Not applicable, TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, IRVD Isolated right ventricular dysfunction, LVD Left ventricular dysfunction, AF Atrial fibrillation, Pt Patient, MV Mechanical ventilation, HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
*Hypokinesia, normokinesia and hyperkinesia were defined as left ventricular ejection fraction < 45%, 45–60%, and > 60%, respectively
†Reduced, normal, hyperdynamic were defined as left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, 50–70%, and > 70%, respectively