TABLE 1.

The effects of bioactive Tianma compounds on various in intro and in vivo PD models.

Active compounds	Model	Inducer	Effects	References
Gastrodin	In vitro	MPP+	Cell viability↑, DAPPH↓, Alkyl↓, ROS↓, SOD↑, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓, Caspase 3↓, PARP cleavage↓	Kumar et al. (2013)
	SH-SY5Y cells
	In vivo	MPTP	TH↑, GFAP↑, Motor deficits↓	Kumar et al. (2013)
	Male 57BL/6 mice
	In vitro	Rotenone	p-Cx43↓	Wang et al. (2014)
	Primary astrocyte
	In vivo	Rotenone	p-Cx43↓	Wang et al. (2014)
	Lewis rat
	In vitro	MPP+	Cell viability↑, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓, ROS↓, Nfr2 nuclear translocation↑, HO-1↑	Jiang et al. (2014)
	SH-SY5Y cells
	In vivo	MPTP	HO-1↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, p-ERK↓, Nrf2 nuclear translocation↑	Wang et al. (2014)
	Male C57BL/6 mice
	In vivo	6-OHDA	Motor balance↑, MPO↓, NO↓, TAC↑	Haddadi et al. (2018)
	Male Wistar rats
	In vivo	6-OHDA	chemotaxis↑, DAF-2↑	Yan et al. (2019)
	C. elegans
	In vitro	H2O2	GSH↑, GPX4↑, ROS↓	Jiang T et al. (2020)
	Rat Glioma Cell Line C6
	In vivo	PINK1 gene mutant	Lifespan↑, locomotor ability↑, antioxidant activity↑	He et al. (2021)
	Drosophila
	In vivo	Rotenone	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓	Li et al. (2012)
	Male Wistar rats
	In vitro	LPS	iNOS↓, TNF-α↓, cyclin-D1↓, Wnt/β-catenin signaling↓	Yao et al. (2019)
	BV-2 microglia
	In vitro	LPS	iNOS↓, COX2↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, NF-κB↓, p-MAPKs↓	Dai et al. (2011)
	BV-2 microglia
Vanillin	In vivo	6-OHDA	Tight contralateral rotations upon apomorphine challenge↓, dopamine concentrations↑	Abuthawabeh et al. (2020)
	Male Wistar Rats
	In vitro microglia	LPS	p-MAPKs↓, p-NF-Κb↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓	Kim et al. (2019)
	In vivo	Rotenone	Motor symptoms↓, Non-Motor symptoms↓, Bax↓, caspase-3↓, Caspase-8↓, Caspase-9↓, Bcl-2 ↑, Cyt-C↑	Dhanalakshmi et al. (2016)
	Male Albino Wistar rats
	In vivo	LPS	iNOS↓, COX-2↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓	Yan et al. (2017)
	Male Wistar rats
Vanillic acid	In vivo	Rotenone	GSH↑, SAG↑, motor deficit↓, TBARS↓, CAT↑	Sharma et al. (2021)
	Sprague Dawley rats
	In vitro	H2O2	ROS↓, SIRT1↑, FoxO↑, Bcl-2↑	Gay et al. (2018)
	SH-SY5Y
Vanillyl Alcohol	In vitro	MPP+	ROS↓, Bax/Bcl↓, PPAR cleavage↓	Kim et al. (2011)
	MN9D cells
Anisalcohol	In vitro	LPS	Cell viability↑, NO↓, TNF-α↓, PCE2↓, TGF-β↑, p-JNK↓, CD16/32↓, CD206↑, p-NF-κB p65↓	Xiang et al. (2018)