Table 2.
The association of demographic factors with risk to experience psychological responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia (N = 754)
| Study variables | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No risk n(%) | At risk n(%) | No risk n(%) | At risk n(%) | No risk n(%) | At risk n(%) | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 178(51.4) | 168(48.6)** | 205(59.2) | 141(40.8)** | 200(57.8) | 146(42.2)** |
| Male | 248(60.8) | 160(39.2) | 286(70.1) | 122(29.9) | 279(68.4) | 129(31.6) |
| Age in years | ||||||
| 18–25 | 66(45.2) | 80(54.8)*** | 68(46.6) | 78(53.4)*** | 70(47.9) | 76(52.1)*** |
| 26–35 | 97(43.7) | 125(56.3) | 135(60.8) | 87(39.2) | 130(58.6) | 92(41.4) |
| 36–45 | 175(68.1) | 82(31.9) | 199(77.4) | 58(22.6) | 188(73.2) | 69(26.8) |
| 46–55 | 66(64.7) | 36(35.3) | 70(68.6) | 32(31.4) | 71(69.6) | 31(30.4) |
| 56–65 | 22(81.5) | 5(18.5) | 19(70.4) | 8(29.6) | 20(74.1) | 7(25.9) |
| Education | ||||||
| Middle school | 6(60.0) | 4(40.0)ns | 4(40.0) | 5(60.0)** | 6(60.0) | 4(40.0)ns |
| High school | 52(58.4) | 37(41.6) | 51(57.4) | 38(42.6) | 54(60.7) | 35(39.3) |
| College/University | 221(55.0) | 181(45.0) | 251(62.4) | 151(37.6) | 243(60.4) | 159(39.6) |
| Postgraduate | 147(58.1) | 106(41.9) | 185(73.1) | 68(26.9) | 176(69.6) | 77(30.4) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently not married | 108(43.9) | 138(56.1)*** | 125 (50.8) | 121 (49.2)*** | 125 (50.8) | 121 (49.2)*** |
| Currently married | 318(62.6) | 190 (37.4) | 366 (72.0) | 142 (28.0) | 354 (69.7) | 154 (30.3) |
| Nationality | ||||||
| Saudi | 320(57.2) | 239(42.8)ns | 353(63.2) | 206(36.8)ns | 342(61.2) | 217(38.8)ns |
| Non-Saudi | 106(54.4) | 89(45.7) | 138(70.8) | 57(29.2) | 137(70.3) | 58(29.7) |
| Lost job | ||||||
| Yes | 18(35.1) | 33(64.7)** | 23(45.1) | 28(54.9)** | 25(49.0) | 25(49.0)** |
| No | 408(58.1) | 295(42.1) | 468(66.6) | 235(33.4) | 454(64.6) | 249(35.4) |
| Chronic health issues | ||||||
| Yes | 90(46.2) | 105(53.8)** | 101(51.8) | 94(48.2)*** | 105(53.8) | 90(46.2)* |
| No | 336(60.1) | 223(39.9) | 390(69.8) | 169(30.2) | 374(66.9) | 185(33.1) |
| Diagnosed with COVID-19 | ||||||
| No | 318(58.0) | 230(42.1)ns | 375(68.4) | 173(36.1)** | 367(67.0) | 181(33.0)** |
| Yes | 32(61.5) | 20(38.5) | 28(53.8) | 24(46.2) | 28(53.4) | 24(46.2) |
| Family/friends | 76(49.4) | 78(50.6) | 88(57.5) | 66(42.9) | 84(54.5) | 70(45.5) |
p value significance: ns > 0.05; * < 0.05; ** < 0.01 *** < 0.001