Table 3.
Logistic regression to determine the risk of psychological reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia (N = 754)
| Variables | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | OR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1.46(1.09–1.96)* | 1.32(0.96–1.82)ns | 1.61(1.19–2.18)** | 1.56(1.11–2.18) ** | 1.58 (1.17–2.13)** | 1.48 (1.10–2.10)* |
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Age group | ||||||
| 18–25 years | 5.33(1.92–14.85)** | 5.92(1.93–18.11)** | 2.72(1.12–6.62)* | 2.53(0.922–6.92)ns | 3.10(1.24–7.78)* | 2.76(0.98–7.71)ns |
| 26–35 years | 5.67(2.1–15.52)** | 8.29(2.86–23.9)*** | 1.53(0.64–3.65)ns | 2.33(0.91–6.02)ns | 2.02(0.82–4.98)ns | 2.59(0.98–6.85)ns |
| 36–45 years | 2.06(0.75–5.64)ns | 2.97(1.03–8.53)* | 0.69(0.28–1.66)ns | 1.10(0.43–2.84)ns | 1.04(0.42–2.59)ns | 1.47(0.55–3.86)ns |
| 46–55 years | 2.40(0.84–6.88)ns | 3.05(1.01–9.20)* | 1.08(0.43–2.74)ns | 1.65(0.60–4.49)ns | 1.25(0.48–3.25)ns | 1.81(0.65–5.04)ns |
| 55–65 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Nationality | ||||||
| Non-Saudi | 1.12(0.81–1.56)ns | 1.70(1.16–2.55)** | 1.41(.99–2.01)ns | 1.22(0.79–1.89)ns | 1.49(1.05–2.12)* | 0.98(0.65–1.48)ns |
| Saudi | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Education | ||||||
| Middle school | 0.92(0.25–3.39)ns | 1.21(0.30–4.83)ns | 4.08(1.11–14.9)* | 3.88(0.94–16.03)ns | 1.52(0.41–5.52) | 1.30(0.32–5.20)ns |
| High school | 0.98(0.60–1.61)ns | 0.93(0.51–1.70)ns | 2.02(1.25–3.35)** | 1.57(0.85–2.89)ns | 1.48(0.89–2.44) | 1.06(0.58–1.93)ns |
| University | 1.13(0.82–1.56)ns | 1.01(0.69–1.51)ns | 1.63(1.16–2.31)** | 1.3(0.86–1.94)ns | 1.49(1.07–2.08)* | 1.14(0.77–1.68)ns |
| Postgraduate | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently not married | 2.13(1.57–2.91)*** | 1.55(1.02–2.37)* | 2.49(1.81–3.42)*** | 1.60(1.04–2.44)* | 2.22(1.62–3.04)*** | 1.50(0.99–2.27)ns |
| Currently married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Loss of job | ||||||
| Yes | 2.53(1.40–4.59)** | 2.01(1.09–3.87)* | 2.42(1.36–4.30)** | 2.02(1.10–3.74)* | 1.89(1.07–3.34)* | 1.60(0.85–2.85)ns |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Chronic health issues | ||||||
| Yes | 1.75(1.26–2.44)** | 2.3(1.59–3.32)*** | 2.14(1.53–2.99)** | 2.59(1.78–3.78)*** | 1.73(1.24–2.41)** | 2.0(1.38–2.87) *** |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Diagnosed with COVID-19 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.86(0.48–1.54)ns | 1.01(0.54–1.88)ns | 1.85(1.04–3.29)* | 2.40(1.27–4.52)** | 1.73(0.97–3.04)* | 2.0(1.10–3.69)* |
| Friends/family members | 1.41(.991–2.03)* | 1.40(0.95–2.08)ns | 1.62(1.12–2.34)** | 1.54(1.03–2.30)* | 1.69(1.17–2.43)** | 1.63(1.10–2.40)* |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
OR odds ratio; CI confident interval; AOR adjusted odds ratio
Significance: ns > 0.05; * < 0.05; ** < 0.01 *** < 0.001;