Fig. 2.

The concentration of typical additives in a clothes and b face masks (ng/g). The maximum, minimum, and median values were obtained from the literature. The upper and lower boundaries of each box represent the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively. The horizontal line represents the median value. The small square represents the mean value. c–g: The concentration (ng/g) (mean ± SD) of additives on different fiber types. Data were collected from the literature and presented as average values (Brigden et al. 2013, 2012; Li and Kannan 2018; Sait et al. 2021; Tang et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2019a, 2022; Xie et al. 2022; Xue et al. 2017; Zheng and Salamova 2020). h The concentration (ng/g) (mean ± SD) of PAEs, OPEs, and PFAS in surgical and N95 face masks. Data were collected from the literature and presented as average values (Fernandez–Arribas et al. 2021; Muensterman et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2022). Of note, the original data of PFAS concentrations are 46 µg/m² and 15 µg/m². To match the unit of “ng/g,” we cut 10 cm² of surgical and N95 masks, respectively, and weighed them to obtain mass average values, followed by a unit conversion to obtain the concentration of ng/g. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 26.0 software. Normality of the data was tested by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Difference between concentrations of additives in surgical and N95 masks was determined through Mann–Whitney U test (*p < 0.05). (DEHP: bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DnBP: dibutyl phthalate; DiBP: di-iso-butyl phthalate; BPA: bisphenol A; BPS: bisphenol S; BPF: bisphenol F; 2,4-DTBP: 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol; TPhP: triphenyl phosphate; TCEP: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate; TCIPP: tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate; TEHP: tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; TEP: triethyl phosphate; PFAS: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; NPE: nonylphenol ethoxylates)