Table 5.
Estimation of the mass of additives released and exposure concentrations
| Additives | Concentrations of additives on fibers or MFs (μg/g) | Mass of additives released from polyester MFs by a person per year (mg/person)a | The global mass of additives released per year (t) (based on a population of 8 billion) | Exposure of additives through MFs released by clothing per year (μg/person)b | Estimated daily intakes (EDIinhalation) of additives from face masks | Exposure of additives through direct inhalation associated with face masks per year (μg/person)c | Tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) (μg/kg BW/d) d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| To water | To air | To water | To air | Inhalation | Ingestion | Surgical masks | N95 | ||||
| PAEs | 3.35–33.42 | 0.43–4.32 | 1.50–14.92 | 3.46–34.55 | 11.97–119.39 | 0–391.40 | 0.34–12.37 |
surgical masks: 0.3–4.9 ng/kg BW/d (adults) 1.9–30 ng/kg BW/d (toddler) N95 masks: 14–27 ng/kg BW/d (adults) 85–160 ng/kg BW/d (toddler) Wang et al. (2022) |
5.46–89.18 (adults) 6.42–101.4 (toddler) |
254.8–491.4 (adults) 287.3–540.8 (toddler) |
/ |
| OPEs | 0.00485–9.764 | 0.0006–152.46 | 0.0021–526.87 | 0.0050–10.09 | 0.017–34.88 | 0–114.34 | 0.00049–3.61 |
surgical masks: 0.04–1.02 ng/kg BW/d (adults) N95 masks: 0.46–29.2 ng/kg BW/d (adults) Fernandez–Arribas et al. (2021) |
0.73–18.56 (adults) | 8.37–531.44 (adults) | / |
| Bisphenols | 0.00585–535 | 0.0008–69.12 | 0.0026–238.88 | 0.0060–552.98 | 0.021–1911.02 | 0–6264.85 | 0.00059–197.95 | / | / | / | |
| PFAS | 0.0045–0.382 | 0.0005–0.05 | 0.002–0.17 | 0.0046–0.39 | 0.016–1.36 | 0–4.48 | 0.00045–0.14 |
0.04–0.10 μg/kg BW/d (adults) 0.1–0.13 μg/kg BW/d (toddler) Muensterman et al. (2022) |
728–1820 (adults) 338–439.4 (toddler) |
/ | |
| NPE | 1.2–550 | 0.15–71.06 | 0.54–245.58 | 1.24–568.48 | 4.29–1964.6 | 0–6440.5 | 0.12–203.5 | / | / | / | |
| DEHP | 2.68–3.22 | 0.34–0.42 | 1.20–1.44 | 2.77–3.33 | 9.57–11.50 | 0–37.71 | 0.27–1.19 |
surgical masks: 0.87–1.2 ng/kg BW/d (adults) 5.3–7.5 ng/kg BW/d (toddler) N95 masks: 4.2–14 ng/kg BW/d (adults) 25–85 ng/kg BW/d (toddler) Wang et al. (2022) |
/ | 50 | |
| TCIPP | 0.0038–0.23 | 0.0005–0.03 | 0.0017–0.10 | 0.0039–0.24 | 0.013–0.82 | 0–2.69 | 0.00038–0.085 | Not mentioned | / | 10 | |
| BPA | 0.0076–1.81 | 0.001–0.23 | 0.0034–0.81 | 0.0078–1.87 | 0.027–6.46 | 0–21.20 | 0.00076–0.67 | Not mentioned | / | 50 | |
aone person could release 129.2 g MFs to water via laundry and 446.5 g MFs to air via wearing polyester clothes per year, according to the estimation byDe Falco et al. (2020)
bone person could inhale and ingest about 0–11.71 g and 0.10–0.37 g MFs per year, according to the estimation by Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2022, 2020c)
cAverage body weight was assumed to be 70 kg for adults and 13 kg for toddlers (Fernandez–Arribas et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022), assuming that the mask is worn 260 days per year (the approximate number of working days per year)
dTolerable daily intake (TDI) values were obtained from the literature (Fernandez–Arribas et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022)