Table 5.

Multivariate Cox regression risk factor analysis of pocket and systemic cardiac implantable electronic device infections

Variable		Pocket CIED infections					Systemic CIED infections
Demographics	Total (n)	n	HR	95%CI		P-value	n	HR	95%CI		P-value
Female sex	42 165	274	REF				125	REF
Male sex	66 329	748	1.55	1.35	1.80	<0.001	409	1.63	1.32	2.00	<0.001
Surgery type
First Implant	80 430	525	REF				344	REF
Replacement	21 565	355	4.66	3.93	5.53	<0.001	138	1.61	1.21	2.14	0.001
Up/downgrade	6499	142	4.66	3.77	5.75	<0.001	52	1.56	1.10	2.21	0.012
CIED type
PM	81 065	638	REF				289	REF
ICD	16 480	179	0.99	0.82	1.20	0.943	137	1.48	1.16	1.89	0.002
CRT-P	4628	66	1.55	1.16	2.05	0.003	35	1.63	1.11	2.40	0.013
CRT-D	6321	139	2.12	1.67	2.67	<0.001	73	2.11	1.54	2.91	<0.001
Age group, years
0–20	953	25	2.26	1.49	3.44	<0.001	5	0.95	0.39	2.35	0.919
21–50	6912	129	1.56	1.25	1.94	<0.001	68	1.43	1.06	1.92	0.018
51–60	10 466	169	1.31	1.08	1.60	0.006	88	1.12	0.86	1.45	0.408
61–70	22 948	269	REF				165	REF
71–80	34 865	296	0.84	0.71	0.99	0.035	156	0.77	0.62	0.96	0.023
81–90	27 366	121	0.58	0.46	0.72	<0.001	50	0.49	0.35	0.68	<0.001
≥91	4984	13	0.47	0.27	0.83	0.009	2	0.17	0.04	0.70	0.014
Comorbidities
Severe renal insufficiency/dialysis	1966	25	1.41	0.94	2.12	0.095	32	2.40	1.65	3.49	<0.001
Systemic lupus erythematosus	150	5	3.30	1.37	7.98	0.008	4	4.77	1.77	12.83	0.002
Ischaemic heart disease	47 534	483	1.06	0.92	1.23	0.398	297	1.04	0.85	1.28	0.708
Congestive heart Failure	34 141	388	1.07	0.90	1.27	0.425	237	1.12	0.89	1.40	0.334
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	11 773	103	1.03	0.83	1.26	0.811	63	1.09	0.83	1.42	0.536
Dermatitis and eczema	2003	19	0.99	0.63	1.56	0.960	30	2.80	1.92	4.05	<0.001
Erysipelas	2914	35	1.39	0.99	1.96	0.058	29	1.88	1.28	2.75	0.001
Surgery and Procedures
Valvular surgery, any type	5624	88	1.62	1.29	2.04	<0.001	65	2.09	1.59	2.75	<0.001
Lead revision surgery	78	7	4.73	2.23	10.04	<0.001	2	2.80	0.69	11.42	0.150
Central venous catheter	2160	19	0.96	0.60	1.53	0.860	25	1.67	1.10	2.54	0.017
Temporary pacemaker	5735	43	0.94	0.69	1.29	0.718	47	1.74	1.27	2.38	0.001
Medications
Insulin	5828	62	1.17	0.90	1.53	0.231	61	2.01	1.52	2.65	<0.001
Clopidogrel	9332	85	1.02	0.81	1.29	0.856	97	2.12	1.67	2.69	<0.001
Vitamin K antagonist	25 508	306	1.12	0.97	1.30	0.117	168	1.20	0.99	1.46	0.068
Direct oral anticoagulants	4927	34	1.40	0.99	1.98	0.056	21	1.50	0.97	2.35	0.069
Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins	1827	35	1.94	1.38	2.73	<0.001	16	1.44	0.87	2.38	0.157