Figure 1.

Acquired vulnerability of GEM/CIS-resistant cells to LCL161. (A) Parental CCA cells were cultured under increasing doses of GEM/CIS until becoming GEM/CIS-resistant cells using a step-wise dosing protocol. (B–E) Dose-response curves for TFK1 and TFK1R cells, KKU213C and KKU213CR cells, KKU068 and KKU068R cells, and SSP25 and SSP25R cells, respectively. The cell lines were treated with different concentrations of GEM/CIS for 5 days to generate the dose-response curves. The error bars represent the SD of four cultures. (F) TFK1R cells and (G) KKU213CR cells were screened with a variety of drugs at GR₇₅ for 5 days, and the result shows the percent survival of the resistant CCA cell lines normalized to their parental drug-naïve counterparts. LCL161, which was shown to be the most effective drug, is highlighted in blue. (H, I) Dose-response curves for TFK1, TFK1R, KKU213C, and KKU213CR cells under LCL161 or Birinapant treatment. The error bars represent the SD of four cultures.