Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of hospitalized heart failure patients
| Total (n = 1069) | nmSDB (n = 498) | OSA (n = 177) | CSA (n = 394) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.7 (15.0) | 54.8 (15.5) | 56.5 (15.5) | 56.6 (14.1) | .147 |
| Male, n (%) | 813 (76.1) | 338 (67.9) | 150 (84.7) | 325 (82.5) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.6) | 23.8 (4.1) | 28.5 (5.2) | 24.7 (4.0) | <.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 211 (19.7) | 81 (16.3) | 39 (22.0) | 91 (23.1) | .028 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 387 (36.2) | 161 (32.3) | 64 (36.2) | 162 (41.1) | .025 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 413 (38.6) | 169 (33.9) | 81 (45.8) | 163 (41.4) | .008 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 503 (47.1) | 186 (37.3) | 136 (76.8) | 181 (45.9) | <.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 312 (29.2) | 118 (23.7) | 77 (43.5) | 117 (29.7) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 393 (36.8) | 193 (38.8) | 62 (35.0) | 138 (35.0) | .451 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 78.3 (17.1) | 75.5 (16.5) | 79.8 (17.0) | 81.1 (17.3) | <.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.2 (20.1) | 116.1 (19.8) | 128.8 (20.2) | 116.1 (19.0) | <.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.2 (13.3) | 71.2 (12.6) | 78.8 (13.2) | 73.4 (13.4) | <.001 |
| NYHA, n (%) | .004 | ||||
| Ⅱ | 174 (16.3) | 83 (16.7) | 39 (22.0) | 52 (13.2) | |
| Ⅲ | 569 (53.2) | 270 (54.2) | 99 (55.9) | 200 (50.8) | |
| Ⅳ | 326 (30.5) | 145 (29.1) | 39 (22.0) | 142 (36.0) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 140.9 (22.4) | 139.2 (23.0) | 144.3 (23.4) | 141.4 (21.1) | .029 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 74.3 (25.5) | 75.4 (26.2) | 74.1 (27.0) | 72.9 (23.7) | .351 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.4 [1.8, 3.0] | 2.4 [1.8, 2.9] | 2.5 [1.9, 3.2] | 2.3 [1.8, 3.1] | .111 |
| Hypocapnia, n (%) | 632 (59.1) | 280 (56.2) | 89 (50.3) | 263 (66.8) | <.001 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/ml) | 2837 [1279, 6785] | 2509 [1169, 6055] | 1934 [899, 5019] | 3853 [1834, 8323] | <.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 37.7 (13.9) | 39.2 (14.6) | 40.6 (13.7) | 34.6 (12.4) | <.001 |
| <40% | 665 (62.2) | 288 (57.8) | 97 (54.8) | 280 (71.1) | <.001 |
| 40%–49% | 162 (15.2) | 80 (16.1) | 29 (16.4) | 53 (13.5) | |
| ≥50% | 242 (22.6) | 130 (26.1) | 51 (28.8) | 61 (15.5) | |
| ACEIs/ARBs, n (%) | 529 (49.5) | 236 (47.4) | 91 (51.4) | 202 (51.3) | .441 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 737 (68.9) | 343 (68.9) | 112 (63.3) | 282 (71.6) | .140 |
| Spironolactone, n (%) | 689 (64.5) | 321 (64.5) | 92 (52.0) | 276 (70.1) | <.001 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 274 (25.6) | 125 (25.1) | 39 (22.0) | 110 (27.9) | .308 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 793 (74.2) | 366 (73.5) | 121 (68.4) | 306 (77.7) | .056 |
| AHI (events/h) | 19.8 (15.3) | 6.9 (4.4) | 31.6 (11.7) | 30.8 (12.5) | <.001 |
| ODI (events/h) | 23.3 (15.2) | 11.6 (7.1) | 36.2 (12.8) | 32.4 (12.7) | <.001 |
| Mean oxygen saturation (%) | 93.7 (3.2) | 94.3 (3.4) | 92.4 (3.6) | 93.6 (2.5) | <.001 |
| Minimum oxygen saturation (%) | 82.3 (8.5) | 84.8 (8.8) | 77.8 (8.8) | 81.2 (6.7) | <.001 |
| Time <90% oxygen saturation (min) | 16.7 (23.1) | 11.7 (22.6) | 26.6 (24.9) | 18.6 (21.2) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AHI, apnea‐hypopnea index; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CSA, central sleep apnea; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; nmSDB, no or mild sleep disordered breathing; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ODI, oxygen desaturation index; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.