Table 1.

Main characteristics of the included studies assessing the prevalence of triple infection.

Study number	First author	Type of study	Sample size, n	Male participants, n	Study population	HBVa/HDVb/HIV triple infection		Year		Continent		Country		Quality evaluation
						Sample size, n	Prevalence, %
1	Soriano [18]	Cohort	5342	NRc	HIV	61	1.14	2011	Europe		NR		Bd
2	Hønge [19]	Cross-sectional	576	180	HIV	18	3.13	2014	Africa		Guinea-Bissau		Ae
3	Dény [20]	Cross-sectional	206	NR	HIV	19	9.22	1993	Europe		France		B
4	Coffie [21]	Cross-sectional	791	319	HIV	10	1.26	2017	Africa		NR		A
5	Ifeorah [22]	Cohort	1102	450	HIV	8	0.73	2017	Africa		Nigeria		A
6	Nicolini [15]	Cross-sectional	454	NR	HBV	16	3.52	2015	Europe		Italy		B
7	Saravanan [23]	Cohort	450	270	HBV	4	0.89	2015	Europe		Italy		A
8	Butler [24]	Cohort	1928	806	HBV	390	20.23	2018	Africa		Cameroon		A
9	Chang [25]	Cross-sectional	507	NR	HBV	150	29.59	2011	Asia		China (Taiwan)		B
10	Oprea [26]	Cohort	205	NR	HIV+HBV	21	10.24	2009	Europe		Romania		B
11	Béguelin [10]	Cohort	771	NR	HIV+HBV	117	15.18	2016	Europe		Switzerland		A
12	Sheng [11]	Cohort	104	100	HIV+HBV	26	25.00	2006	Asia		China (Taiwan)		A
13	Lee [27]	Cohort	375	363	HIV+HBV	38	10.13	2014	Asia		China (Taiwan)		B
14	Boyd [28]	Cohort	308	259	HIV+ HBV	12	3.90	2009	Europe		France		A

^aHBV: hepatitis B virus.

^bHDV: hepatitis D virus.

^cNR: not reported.

^dGrade B corresponds to 3-6 points on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scale and 4-7 “Yes” responses on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) questionnaire.

^eGrade A corresponds to 7-10 points on the NOS scale and 8-11 “Yes” responses on the AHRQ questionnaire.