Table 3.
Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) triple infection in different subgroups.
| Subgroup | Studies, n | Triple infection, n | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | I2, % | P value | |
| Global | 14 | 877 | 7.4 (3.2-13.1) | 99.0 | <.001 | |
| World region | ||||||
|
|
Europe | 7 | 237 | 5.7 (3.2-8.2) | 95.9 | <.001 |
|
|
Africa | 4 | 426 | 6.3 (0.7-11.8) | 99.3 | <.001 |
|
|
Asia | 3 | 214 | 21.4 (7.1-35.8) | 96.7 | <.001 |
| Country or area | ||||||
|
|
France | 2 | 31 | 6.3 (1.1-11.5) | 81.4 | .02 |
|
|
Italy | 2 | 20 | 2.1 (0.5-4.7) | 86.4 | .007 |
|
|
Cameroon | 1 | 390 | 20.2 (18.4-22.0) | —a | <.001 |
|
|
Romania | 1 | 21 | 10.2 (6.1-14.4) | — | — |
|
|
Switzerland | 1 | 117 | 14.3 (11.8-16.9) | — | — |
|
|
China (Taiwan) | 3 | 214 | 21.4 (7.1-35.8) | 96.7 | <.001 |
|
|
Guinea-Bissau | 1 | 18 | 3.1 (1.7-4.5) | — | — |
|
|
Nigeria | 1 | 8 | 0.7 (0.2-1.2) | — | — |
| Sex | ||||||
|
|
Male | 8 | 212 | 3.8 (2.5-5.2) | 95.3 | <.001 |
|
|
Female | 7 | 57 | 0.7 (0.2-1.2) | 78.0 | <.001 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
|
|
<30 | 1 | 21 | 5.6 (3.6-7.3) | — | — |
|
|
≥30 | 8 | 269 | 5.1 (3.3-6.8) | 96.2 | <.001 |
| Sample size | ||||||
|
|
50-500 | 7 | 136 | 7.7 (4.2-11.1) | 93.5 | <.001 |
|
|
500-1000 | 4 | 282 | 11.8 (4.0-19.7) | 98.9 | <.001 |
|
|
>1000 | 3 | 459 | 7.2 (2.4-11.9) | 99.5 | <.001 |
| Study population | ||||||
|
|
HIV | 5 | 116 | 1.7 (0.9-2.5) | 84.8 | <.001 |
|
|
HBV | 4 | 560 | 13.4 (2.5-24.4) | 99.4 | <.001 |
|
|
HIV+HBV | 5 | 201 | 11.9 (6.5-17.2) | 92.5 | <.001 |
| Possible mode of HIV transmission | ||||||
|
|
Injection drug use | 6 | 274 | 7.4 (2.9-11.9) | 97.9 | <.001 |
|
|
Men who have sex with men | 6 | 216 | 7.9 (4.3-11.4) | 98.1 | <.001 |
|
|
Heterosexual transmission | 6 | 201 | 6.5 (3.4-9.6) | 98 | <.001 |
|
|
Other | 6 | 248 | 10.3 (6.0-14.7) | 98.4 | <.001 |
aNot available.