Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study participants stratified by the occurrence and progression of DKD
| Characteristic | Occurrence of DKD | Progression of DKD | ||||||
| Total | No | Yes | P value | Total | No | Yes | P value | |
| N | 2504 | 1687 | 817 | 4455 | 2892 | 1563 | ||
| Age (years) | 55.44±7.49 | 55.22±7.66 | 55.92±7.10 | 0.059 | 57.88±8.80 | 56.56±8.61 | 60.33±8.57 | <0.001 |
| Male gender (n (%)) | 991 (54.8) | 683 (55.2) | 308 (53.8) | 0.587 | 2274 (51.0) | 1504 (52.0) | 770 (49.3) | 0.043 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.10±4.00 | 25.93±3.86 | 26.44±3.86 | 0.029 | 26.30±4.14 | 26.23±4.07 | 26.43±4.27 | 0.143 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 4 (1,8) | 3 (1,7) | 5 (2,9) | <0.001 | 5 (1,10) | 4 (1,8) | 6 (3,11) | <0.001 |
| Education(n (%)) | 0.0021 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Illiterate | 182 (7.3) | 91 (5.4) | 91 (11.1) | 401 (9.0) | 205 (7.1) | 196 (12.5) | ||
| Literate | 75 (3.0) | 33 (2.0) | 42 (5.1) | 132 (3.0) | 55 (1.9) | 77 (4.9) | ||
| Elementary school | 678 (27.1) | 406 (24.1) | 272 (33.3) | 1253 (28.1) | 727 (25.1) | 526 (33.7) | ||
| Junior high school | 375 (15.0) | 260 (15.4) | 115 (14.1) | 693 (15.6) | 462 (16.0) | 231 (14.8) | ||
| High school | 738 (29.5) | 539 (32.0) | 199 (24.4) | 1228 (27.6) | 881 (30.5) | 347 (22.2) | ||
| College | 400 (16.0) | 313 (18.6) | 87 (10.6) | 649 (14.6) | 487 (16.8) | 162 (10.4) | ||
| No data | 56 (2.2) | 45 (2.7) | 11 (1.3) | 99 (2.2) | 75 (2.6) | 24 (1.5) | ||
| Marital status (n (%)) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Single | 95 (3.8) | 66 (3.9) | 29 (3.5) | 181 (4.1) | 125 (4.3) | 56 (3.6) | ||
| Married | 2109 (84.2) | 1457 (86.4) | 652 (79.8) | 3684 (82.7) | 2422 (83.7) | 1262 (80.7) | ||
| Divorced | 93 (3.7) | 57 (3.4) | 36 (4.4) | 160 (3.6) | 105 (3.6) | 55 (3.5) | ||
| Widow or widower | 171 (6.8) | 75 (4.4) | 96 (11.8) | 355 (8.0) | 181 (6.3) | 174 (11.1) | ||
| No data | 36 (1.4) | 32 (1.9) | 4 (0.5) | 75 (1.7) | 59 (2.0) | 16 (1.0) | ||
| Smoking (n (%)) | 769 (30.7) | 523 (31.0) | 246 (30.1) | 0.710 | 1362 (30.6) | 891 (30.8) | 471 (30.1) | 0.848 |
| Drinking (n (%)) | 637 (25.4) | 433 (25.7) | 204 (25.0) | 0.997 | 1124 (25.2) | 743 (25.1) | 381 (24.4) | 0.576 |
| Diabetic self-management behaviour | ||||||||
| Diet | 5 (4,7) | 5 (4,7) | 5 (4,7) | 0.576 | 5 (4,7) | 5 (4,7) | 5 (3,7) | 0.008 |
| Exercise | 7 (0,7) | 7 (1,7) | 7 (0,7) | 0.821 | 7 (1,7) | 7 (1,7) | 6.5 (0,7) | 0.129 |
| Medication | 7 (7,7) | 7 (7,7) | 7 (7,7) | 0.229 | 7 (7,7) | 7 (7,7) | 7 (7,7) | 0.425 |
| Monitoring | 0 (0,7) | 0 (0,7) | 2 (0,7) | 0.408 | 0 (0,7) | 0 (0,7) | 1 (0,7) | 0.490 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 129 (119,141) | 128 (117,139) | 133 (122,146) | <0.001 | 133 (121,146) | 131 (120,144) | 136 (124,150) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77 (70,84) | 76 (69,83) | 78 (71,86) | <0.001 | 78 (71,86) | 77 (70,85) | 78 (71,87) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.90 (6.85,9.75) | 7.80 (6.80,9.50) | 8.40 (7.10,10.10) | <0.001 | 8.2 (7.0,10.0) | 8.0 (6.9,9.7) | 8.5 (7.1,10.5) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 113 (83,164) | 111 (84,160) | 120 (82,168) | 0.094 | 123 (88,178) | 119 (86,172) | 133 (93,190) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.00±13.51 | 52.44±13.98 | 50.73±12.38 | 0.038 | 50.75±13.24 | 51.31±13.41 | 49.71±12.85 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 99.41±28.56 | 99.09±28.55 | 100.10±28.60 | 0.401 | 101.23±29.90 | 101.05±29.87 | 101.55±29.96 | 0.818 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.50 (73.08,96.13) | 87.18 (74.00,96.80) | 82.76 (71.22,94.55) | 0.002 | 82.01 (67.88,94.93) | 83.65 (69.88,96.60) | 77.00 (65.87,91.35) | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 8.64 (4.50,13.86) | 7.06 (3.58,12.17) | 10.95 (7.14,16.32) | <0.001 | 17.82 (7.97,50.12) | 14.84 (6.57,41.71) | 22.72 (11.05,75.23) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD, number (%) or median (IQR).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.