Table 2.

Important antimicrobial-resistant bacteria reported in conventional poultry

Bacterial species	Disease	Antimicrobial resistances	Reference
Salmonella spp.	Salmonellosis, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, enteric fever fowl typhoid, pullorum disease	Streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamide	[112]
		Ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone	[113]
		Amoxicillin, ceftiofur	[110]
Campylobacter jejuni	Campylobacteriosis, gastroenteritis, bacterial diarrheal, Guillain-Barré syndrome	Ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline	[114]
		Quinolone, tetracycline, amoxicillin	[115]
Escherichia coli	Colibacillosis, bacteremia, UTI, meningitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis, diarrhea, cholangitis, septicemia, pericarditis, airsacculitis, salpingitis, peritonitis, cellulitis	Tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamides (sulfisoxazole), trimethoprim, ampicillin	[112]
		Tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, ampicillin	[116]
		Ampicillin, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, streptomycin	[27]
		Tetracycline, amoxicillin, ceftiofur, spectinomycin, sulfonamides	[7]
		Amoxicillin, ceftiofur, tetracycline	[110]
		Ampicillin, cephazolin, streptomycin, tetracylines	[117]
Staphylococcus aureus	Pulmonary infections, heart/bone/joint infections, gastroenteritis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, abscesses, furuncles, cellulitis, meningitis, UTI arthritis, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, omphalitis	Clindamycin, doxycycline, oxacillin	[27]
		Methicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, tetracycline	[118]
Clostridium perfringens	Necrotic enteritis, clostridial myonecrosis/gas gangrene	Tetracycline, bacitracin	[119, 120]
Enterococcus faecium	Endocarditis, UTI, prostatis, intra-abdominal infection, cellulitis, wound infection, bacteremia	Lincomycin, bambermycin, bacitracin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, kanamycin, penicillin, tylosin, streptomycin, vancomycin, gentamycin, streptogramins, avilamycin	[4, 88]
Enterococcus faecalis	Endocarditis, UTI, prostatis, intra-abdominal infection, cellulitis, wound infection, bacteremia septicaemia, endocarditis, salpingitis, arthropathy, amyloidosis	Lincomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, tetracycline, bacitracin, erythromycin, tylosin	[4]