Table 3.
Associations of longitudinal changes in housework participation with all-cause mortality
| Exposed | Deaths | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person-years | N | Per 100 person-years | HR (95%CI) | p value | HR (95%CI) | p value | HR (95%CI) | p value | ||
| Light housework (cut-off ≥420 min/week) | ||||||||||
| Total | Low at BL & FU | 7050 | 208 | 2.95 | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA |
| High at BL or FU only | 11904 | 189 | 1.59 | 0.57 (0.39-0.82) | 0.007* | 0.76 (0.53-1.09) | 0.123 | 0.77 (0.55-1.08) | 0.121 | |
| High at BL & FU | 9386 | 93 | 0.99 | 0.36 (0.24-0.54) | <0.001* | 0.57 (0.36-0.91) | 0.023* | 0.58 (0.36-0.94) | 0.032* | |
| Linear trend, p value | <0.001* | 0.025* | 0.030* | |||||||
| Men a | Low at BL & FU | 4276 | 154 | 3.6 | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA |
| High at BL or FU only | 4187 | 96 | 2.29 | 0.71 (0.43-1.18) | 0.159 | 0.73 (0.48-1.11) | 0.124 | 0.72 (0.49-1.07) | 0.099 | |
| High at BL & FU | 1646 | 34 | 2.07 | 0.63 (0.36-1.11) | 0.104 | 0.65 (0.36-1.18) | 0.141 | 0.62 (0.34-1.14) | 0.117 | |
| Linear trend, p value | 0.088 | 0.108 | 0.082 | |||||||
| Women a | Low at BL & FU | 2774 | 54 | 1.95 | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA |
| High at BL or FU only | 7717 | 93 | 1.21 | 0.60 (0.42-0.87) | 0.008* | 0.82 (0.49-1.36) | 0.419 | 0.86 (0.51-1.46) | 0.560 | |
| High at BL & FU | 7740 | 59 | 0.76 | 0.41 (0.27-0.63) | <0.001* | 0.55 (0.35-0.87) | 0.013* | 0.59 (0.36-0.96) | 0.033* | |
| Linear trend, p value | <0.001* | 0.010* | 0.027* | |||||||
| Heavy housework (cut-off >0 min/week) | ||||||||||
| Total | Low at BL & FU | 10651 | 260 | 2.44 | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA |
| High at BL or FU only | 12728 | 185 | 1.45 | 0.64 (0.40-1.01) | 0.055 | 0.81 (0.50-1.32) | 0.336 | 0.78 (0.48-1.27) | 0.259 | |
| High at BL & FU | 5202 | 52 | 1.00 | 0.44 (0.17-1.12) | 0.073 | 0.67 (0.25-1.83) | 0.357 | 0.64 (0.22-1.81) | 0.317 | |
| Linear trend, p value | 0.057 | 0.327 | 0.282 | |||||||
| Men a | Low at BL & FU | 4345 | 160 | 3.68 | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA |
| High at BL or FU only | 4171 | 94 | 2.25 | 0.71 (0.36-1.40) | 0.261 | 0.79 (0.39-1.61) | 0.45 | 0.75 (0.38-1.48) | 0.339 | |
| High at BL & FU | 1588 | 29 | 1.83 | 0.50 (0.19-1.31) | 0.133 | 0.64 (0.23-1.74) | 0.32 | 0.60 (0.21-1.68) | 0.273 | |
| Linear trend, p value | 0.155 | 0.334 | 0.277 | |||||||
| Women a | Low at BL & FU | 6306 | 100 | 1.59 | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA | 1 (Ref) | NA |
| High at BL or FU only | 8557 | 91 | 1.06 | 0.64 (0.38-1.07) | 0.084 | 0.84 (0.51-1.37) | 0.443 | 0.79 (0.46-1.33) | 0.334 | |
| High at BL & FU | 3615 | 23 | 0.64 | 0.47 (0.20-1.15) | 0.087 | 0.72 (0.26-1.97) | 0.465 | 0.64 (0.22-1.92) | 0.363 | |
| Linear trend, p value | 0.029* | 0.392 | 0.295 | |||||||
Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity; Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (housing type), education, brisk walking and sports activities at baseline, nutritional risk, smoking, alcohol, marital status.
a Sex was excluded from model adjustments.
BL Baseline, FU Follow-up, Ref Reference hazard ratio of 1.00, HR Hazard Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
*Statistically significant at p<0.05