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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Surg. 2022 Jun 28;276(6):e646–e648. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005516

Figure 1. Our conceptual model.

Figure 1.

Previous work focused on patient- and provider-level factors in isolation (A), even when considering the role of communication behavior (B). We propose that dyadic communication processes are the key mechanism through which patient- and provider-level factors contribute to racial disparities in patient-centered pain outcomes (C).