Table 1.
Included Diagnostic Biomarkers Studies.
| References | Publication Year | Study Design | PsA (n) | Classification Criteria | Biomarkers | Methodology | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone and cartilage turnover biomarkers | |||||||
| Mânsson (8) | 2001 | Cross-sectional | 18 | Moll & Wright | COMP; BSP; Aggrecan | Comparison of COMP, BSP and Aggrecan level by ELISA method in the synovial fluid from 18 PsA and 43 RA. | Increased levels of COMP in PsA synovial fluid compared to RA population. |
| Farouk (9) | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 30 | CASPAR | COMP | Comparison of COMP level using ELISA with US on 30 PsA and 30 PsO | Moderate diagnosis accuracy of COMP to distinguish PsA of PsO with an AUC of 0.56. |
| Chandran (10) | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 26 | CASPAR | hsCRP; IL-12; p40Il12; IL-17; RANK-L; OPG; TNFSF14; MMP3; C2C; C1-2C; CPII; COMP | Comparison between 26 PsA, 26 PsO and 26 HC of several biomarker levels using ELISA methods. | Using of biomarkers panel consisting of hsCRP, OPG, TNFSF14 and CPII:C2C ratio, PsA can be distinguished from PsO with high accuracy (AUC: 0.90). |
| Cretu (11) | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 10 | CASPAR | Protein expression of synovial fluid | Liquid phase chromatography with mass-spectrometry of 10 PsA and 10 OA. | CRP, MMP-3, S100A9, EPO, M2BP, DEFA1, H4, H2AFX, ORM1, CD5L, PFN1 and C4BP were overexpressed in PsA synovial tissues. |
| Dolcino (12) | 2015 | Cross-sectional | 60 | CASPAR | Osteopontine; osteoactivin; fibronectin1; MMP3; CathepsinZ; IL-17 | Serum analysis of 60 PsA, 60 HC, 60 RA and 60 SpA after evaluation of genic expression in PBMC from 10 PsA and 10 HC. | Osteoactivin was significantly higher in PsA sera than in RA, SpA and HC sera, with 100% accuracy between PsA and HC. |
| Jadon (13) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 200 | CASPAR | OPG; MMP3; Dkk-1; MCSF | ELISA determination of Dkk-1, MMP3; M-CSF and OPG levels in 200 PsA, 200 PsO, 157 SpA and 50 HC. | Biomarkers panel of Dkk-1; MCS, MMP3 and OPG was able to distinguish PsA and HC (AUC: 0.84). |
| Cretu (14) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 100 | CASPAR | M2BP; CD5L; MPO; ITGB; CRP; MMP3 | Level measurement by ELISA of 100 PsA, 100 PsO and 100 HC. | ITGB5, CRP and M2BP levels were increased in PsA patients (Panel of these 3 biomarkers: AUC of 0.85) |
| Chandran (15) | 2019 | Cross-sectional | 73 | CASPAR | COMP; hyaluronan; resistin; adiponectin; adipsin; HGF; insulin; leptin; CRP; IL-8; IL-6; IL-1β; TNFα; MCP1; NGF | Serum analysis of 77 PsA, 201 OA and 76 HC by ELISA in a first discovery phase and then comparison of 4 biomarkers in a second validation phase of 73 PsA and 75 OA. | COMP, Resistin, MCP-1 and NGF used as a panel were able to distinguish PsA and OA populations with high accuracy (AUC: 0.99). |
| Diani (16) | 2019 | Cross-sectional | 50 | CASPAR | MMPs; TIMPs; OPG; RANK-L; CTX; Dkk-1; SOST; CTX-I; CTX-II; PINP; Chi3L1 | Serum analysis of osteoimmunologic biomarkers in 50 PsA, 50 PsO and 20 HC. | MMP2, MMP12, MMP13, TIMP2 and TIMP4 was able to distinguish PsA undergoing treatment from PsO. CHI3L1 and MMP10 was able to distinguish PsA not undergoing systemic treatment from PsO. |
| Waszczykowski (17) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 24 | CASPAR | IL-18; IL-20; MMP-1; MMP-3; COMP; YKL-40; Aggrecan | ELISA analysis from 24 active PsA sera and 26 HC. | COMP, IL-18, MMP-3 and MMP-1 was able to distinguish PsA from HC. |
| Waszczykowski (18) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 22 | CASPAR | IL-6; IL-18; IL-20; MMP-1; MMP-3; COMP; YKL-40; Aggrecan | ELISA analysis from 22 PsA sera, 22 OA and 23 HC. | Age-associated serum COMP and Aggrecan levels discriminate PsA from OA (AUC: 0.91) |
| Genetic biomarkers | |||||||
| Elkayam (19) | 2004 | Cross-sectional | 50 | Moll & Wright | HLA | HLA class I and II typing on 50 PsA from Israeli Jewish population. | PsA was associated with HLA-A3; HLA-B13; HLA-B38; HLA-DRB0101; HLA-DRB0301; and HLA-DRB0401 on Israeli Jewish population. HLA-B27 was not associated with PsA in this cohort. |
| Alenius (20) | 2004 | Cross-sectional | 120 | Physician diagnosis | CTLA4; TNF; loci 8q24; 16q21 gene polymorphisms | Genotyping of TNF locus 1q21 (PSORS4) and 3q21 (PSORS5), 8q24 loci, 16q21 loci and CTLA4 locus on 120 PsA patients and 90 HC. | No association reported in this paper. |
| Ravindran (21) | 2004 | Cross-sectional | 140 | Moll & Wright | IL-1a; IL-1b; R-IL-1 gene polymorphisms | Genotyping of IL-1a-889; Il-1b +3953 and IL-1R+970 on 140 PsA. | Major risk allele C of IL-1a-889 loci was associated with PsA. |
| Batliwalla (22) | 2005 | Cross-sectional | 19 | Moll & Wright | Microarray’s analysis | Gene expression profiling on peripheral blood cells in 19 PsA patients and 19 age- and sex-matched HC. | Decreased of Nucleoporine 62KDa and MAP3K3 expression was associated with PsA compared to control. |
| Stoeckman (23) | 2006 | Cross-sectional | 16 | Moll & Wright | Microarray’s analysis | Whole blood gene expression profiling on 16 PsA and 15 sex- and age-matched HC. | Zinc-finger protein 395, dead box polypeptide 28, pecanex-like 3, and PI3KC2B gene expressions were upregulated in PsA compared to HC. |
| Butt (24) | 2007 | Cross-sectional | 258 | Physician diagnosis | VEGF; FGF1; FGF2; EGF gene polymorphisms | Genotyping with MALDI-TOF spectrophotometry on 258 PsA and 154 HC. | rs3025039*T in VEGF+936 loci was protector of PsA. |
| Bowes (25) | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 1057 | CASPAR | IL-13 gene polymorphism (Alleles rs20541 and rs1800925) | Genotyping of rs20541 and rs1800925 on 1057 PsA, 778 PsO and 5575 HC. | Double alleles rs1800925*C/C and rs20541*G/G were significantly associated with PsA. |
| Eder (26) | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 555 | Moll & Wright | IL-13 gene polymorphism (Alleles rs20541; rs843; rs1800925) | Genotyping of rs20541, rs843 and rs1800925 single nucleotide polymorphisms on 555 PsA, 342 PsO and 217 HC. | rs20541 and rs843 polymorphism increased the risk of PsA in PsO patients. |
| Eder (27) | 2012 | Cross-sectional | 178 and their family | CASPAR | HLA-B and HLA-C | Family-based association study by HLA-genotyping on 178 PsA, 30 PsO and 561 first degree relatives. | HLA-B27, B-38, B-39 and HLA-C12 were associated to PsA compared to PsO. |
| Winchester (28) | 2012 | Cross-sectional | 359 | CASPAR | HLA-B and HLA-C | Comparison of the HLA-B and HLA-C alleles and haplotypes by HLA-genotyping on 359 PsA, 214 PsO and 1119 HC, divided in two cohort: discovery then validation. | HLA-B27 was associated to PsA. |
| Chandran (29) | 2013 | Cross-sectional | 678 | CASPAR | HLA alleles | HLA-genotyping on 678 PsA and 688 HC. | In comparison of HC, HLA-C*12/B*38 association, HLA-C*06/B*57 association and HLA-B*27 were associated to PsA. |
| Chandran (30) | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 678 | CASPAR | KIR2D and KIR3D gene polymorphism | KIR2D and KIR3D genotyping on 678 PsA and 688 HC. | The allele KIR2DS was significantly associated with PsA. |
| Zhang (31) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 465 | CASPAR | 36 loci, including IL-12B; RUNX3; LCE gene polymorphisms | DNA Genotyping on 465 PsA and 421 HC using MALDI-TOF spectrophotometry. | Polymorphisms in IL-12B, RUNX3 and LCE genes were associated with an increased risk of PsA. |
| Ciancio (32) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 39 | CASPAR | miR-21-5p | Micro-array expression analysis of 723 miRNA on 39 PsA, 26 RA and 16 HC then PCR analysis of miR-21-5p. | miR-21-5p was overexpressed in RA and PsA population. |
| Cascella (33) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 500 | CASPAR | KIF3A and IL-4 gene polymorphism | RT-PCR of rs2227282 located in the IL-4 gene and rs2285700, rs10062446 and rs2897442, located in the KIF3A gene from 500 PsA, 426 PsO and 600 HC blood samples. | Except rs2285700 on KIF3A gene, the presence of SNPs increased susceptibility to PsA but not PsO. |
| Abji (34) | 2018 | Cross-sectional | 14 | CASPAR | Genetic expression of Th17 pathway | RT-PCR of 84 genes from synovial fluid samples from 14 PsA, and 9 OA. | MMP3, CCL1, IL-17C, IL-3, CXCL5, IL-6 and CX3CL1 genes were expressed more in samples from PsA compared to OA. |
| Chen (35) | 2019 | Cross-sectional | 111 | CASPAR | HLA class I and HLA DRB1 | HLA-Genotyping on 111 PsA and 207 HC from a Chinese Han population. | HLA-A*01/A*01 and HLA-C*06/C*02 were risk alleles for PsA. |
| Smith (36) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 140 | CASPAR | HLA-c*06:02; B*44:02; B*27:05; B08:01; TNFRSF9; LCE3C/B; IL-23R; TNFAIP3; CSF2-P4HA2 genes | 11 genes reported to be associated with PsA or PsO were genotyped in 140 PsA, 403 PsO and 181 PsO patients with joint pain. | Low accuracy of this genetic association to PsA diagnosis. |
| Caputo (37) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 424 | CASPAR | SNPs of COL6A5 (rs12488457 A/C); COL8A1 (rs13081855 G/T); COL10A1 (rs3812111 A/T); miR146A (rs2910164 C/G) | Genotyping of blood sample from 424 PsA, 394 PsO and 600 HC from Italian population. | rs13081855*T, rs12488457*C and rs2910164*T were associated with PsA. |
| Lin SH (38) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 40 | CASPAR | miR-941 and miR-1466-p | Expression of miR941 and miR1466-5p measured in 40 PsA, 40 PsO and 40 HC blood samples. | Higher miR-941 expression in PsA samples than PsO or HC. |
| Pasquali (39) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 28 | CASPAR | Extra-vesicular micro-RNA | miRCURY™ exosome isolation kit was used to compare 14 PsA and 15 PsO blood samples in the discovery phase and then 24 PsA and 25 PsO in the validation phase. | Plasma extravesicular « let-7b-5p » and « miR-30e-5p » were significantly lower in PsA compared to PsO in validation phase. |
| Wade (40) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 31 | CASPAR | Micro RNA signature | miRNA panel was assessed using miRNA Fireplex assay in sera of 31 PsA and 20 HC. | miR-221-3p, miR-130a-3p, miR-146a-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-151a-5p and miR-21-5p were promising candidate biomarkers to distinguish PsA from HC. |
| Iwaszko (41) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 126 | CASPAR | IL-33 gene polymorphisms (rs16924159; rs10975519; rs7044343) | PCR analysis of 126 PsA sera, 143 SpA, 466 RA and 229 HC. | These SNPs within the IL-33 gene were not useful for PsA diagnosis. |
| Cheleschi (42) | 2022 | Case-control | 50 | CASPAR | Selected mi-RNA, pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines | RT-PCR and ELISA analysis in blood samples from 50 PsA, 50 RA and 50 HC. | Increased expression of miR-140 and serum leptin in PsA compared to RA. |
| Autoantibodies | |||||||
| Calzavara-Pinton (43) | 1999 | Cross-sectional | 76 | Moll & Wright | Anti-CCP autoantibodies | Indirect immunofluorescence test on 76 PsA sera, 38 PsO, 159 RA, 119 non- inflammatory rheumatic diseases and 204 HC. | Anti-CCP autoantibodies were specific of RA but were present in a small number of PsA cases. |
| Chou (44) | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 13 | CASPAR | IgG anti-agalctosyl autoantibodies | ELISA analysis on 13 PsA, 30 SpA, 22 RA and 25 HC. | IgG anti-agalactosyl autoantibodies were present in higher quantities in patients with RA, SpA and PsA serum compared to HC. |
| Dalmády (45) | 2013 | Cross-sectional | 46 | CASPAR | Anti-MCV autoantibodies | Serum analysis by ELISA on 46 PsA, 42 PsO and 40 HC. | Anti-MCV autoantibodies were more represented in PsA patients than in those with PsO and HC. |
| Dolcino (46) | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 100 | CASPAR | Anti-PsA peptide (TNRRGRGSPGAL) autoantibodies | Serum analysis of 100 PsA, 200 RA, 30 PsO, 30 LES, 30 Sjogren syndrome, 30 SpA, 30 scleroderma and 50 HC. | Anti-NRAP autoantibodies were highly associated with PsA compared to PsO, RA CCP+ or CCP-, HC and the others rheumatic diseases included. |
| Hu (47) | 2018 | Cross-sectional | 12 | Physician diagnosis | AC anti-SIRT1 autoantibodies | ELISA analysis on 12 PsA, 94 RA, 185 SpA and 87 HC. | Anti-SIRT1 autoantibodies were expressed higher in patients with SpA and PsA compared to patients with RA and HC but it seems to be more specific of patients with SpA. |
| Frasca (48) | 2018 | Cross-sectional | 32 | CASPAR | Anti-LL37 carbamylated (carb) autoantibodies and Anti-LL37 citrullinated (cit) autoantibodies | Serum analysis using ELISA from 32 PsA, 24 PsO and 12 HC. | Anti-LL37 cit were associated to psoriatic disease, while anti-LL37carb were more specific to PsA. |
| Yuan (49) | 2019 | Cross-sectional | 22 | Physician diagnosis | Anti-ADAMSTS5 and anti-LL37 autoantibodies | ELISA analysis of 22 PsA and 32 PsO blood samples. | IgG anti-LL37 and anti-ADAMTS5 autoantibodies distinguished PsA from PsO. |
| Vinci (50) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 69 | CASPAR | IgA Anti-oxPTMCII autoantibodies | ELISA analysis on 69 PsA, 60 RA, 242 SpA, 35 PsO, 48 UA, 19 FM, and 178 HC. | IgG anti-oxPTMCII were associated with RA while IgA anti-oxPTMCII were associated with SpA, PsA and SpA associated with inflammatory bowel disease. |
| Other biomarkers | |||||||
| Veale (51) | 1993 | Cross-sectional | 15 | Benett criteria | ELAM-1; ICAM-1; VCAM-1 | Immunohistochemistry analysis of synovial tissue from 15 PsA and 15 RA. | Increased ELAM-1 expression in RA synovial samples compared to PsA. |
| Szodoray (52) | 2007 | Cross-sectional | 43 | Moll & Wright | Panel of 23 different biomarkers: VEGF, EGF; IL-10; IL-13; IFNα; MIP1α (CCL3); MIP1β (CCL4); Eotaxin (CCL11); IL12p-40 | ELISA analysis on 43 PsA and 25 HC. | Overexpression of IFNα and IL-10 in PsA. Under expression of G-CSF, CCL4, CCL11, IL-13, EGF, VEGF and FGF in PsA. |
| Firuzi (53) | 2008 | Cross-sectional | 16 | Moll & Wright | Carbonyl (CO) and Sulfhydryl (SH) groups | Serum and Synovial analysis using spectrophotometry on 16 PsA, 18 RA and 15 OA. | Decreased SH-group in RA and PsA synovial samples compared to OA. |
| Hansson (54) | 2014 | Prospective | 65 | CASPAR | Calprotectin S100A8/S100A9 | Serum analysis of 65 PsA and 31 HC. | ROC analysis of calprotectin S100A8/A9 revealed an AUC of 0.87 to distinguish PsA from HC. |
| Bosè (55) | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 30 | CASPAR | IL-2 | Cytokine expression assessed on plasma circulating T-cells of 30 PsA, 21 PsO and 24 HC. | IL-2 expression was significantly associated with PsA. |
| Maejima (56) | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 12 | CASPAR | Moesin; K17; ANXA1; STIP-1. | Level assessment in 12 PsA, 31 PsO and 13 HC sera using dot blot analysis. | Significant increase in K17 and STIP-1 in PsA compared to PsO and HC. |
| Kim (57) | 2015 | Cross-sectional | 25 | CASPAR | Ratio PNN/Ly et PLQ/Ly | Compared between 25 PsA, 111 PsO, and 94 HC. | An increase in the PNN/Ly ratio and PLQ/Ly ratio was predictive of PsA. |
| Armas-González (58) | 2015 | Cross-sectional | 15 | CASPAR | B-cell protein expression profiling | Flow cytometry analysis on 15 PsA and 13 RA. | B-cells in RA synovial samples expressed more MHC class II molecules than those in PsA. |
| Amin (59) | 2016 | Prospective | 20 | Moll & Wright | RANK-L | Level measurement by ELISA of RANK-L from 20 PsA, 40 PsO and 20 HC. | Low accuracy of RANK-L to discriminate PsA from PsO (AUC: 0.66). |
| Gudmann (60) | 2016 | Cross-sectional | 101 | CASPAR | ProC2 and C-col10 | ELISA analysis on 110 SpA, 101 PsA and 118 HC. | Increased serum ProC2 concentration in PsA and SpA. |
| Muntyanu (61) | 2016 | Cross-sectional | 40 | CASPAR | CXCL10 | Serum analysis of 40 PsA, 14 OA, 11 RA and 8 gouts. | CXCL10 titers were higher in PsA synovial fluid than in gout and OA. No difference from RA. |
| Abji (62) | 2016 | Prospective | 620 | CASPAR | CXCL10 | Monitoring the variation of CXCL10 titres in sera from 620 PsO. | Mean level of CXCL10 was higher in sera from PsA converter compared to non-converter. |
| Reindl (63) | 2016 | Cross-sectional | 33 | CASPAR | 15 serum biomarkers issued in a discovery phase | ELISA analysis of serum from 33 PsA, 100 PsO and 25 HC. | Complement 3, Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor, Plasma Kallikrein and Zn-a2-glycoprotein were significantly higher in PsA sera compared to PsO and HC. |
| Alonso (64) | 2016 | Cross-sectional | 200 | Physician diagnosis | Urinary biomarker panel | Urine metabolome of 200 PsA, 200 RA, 200 PsO, 200 SLE, 200 Crohn’s disease, and 200 HC analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance. | Urine metabolome expression was different in PsA compared to RA. |
| Grossi (65) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 18 | CASPAR | Calprotectin S100A8/S100A9 | Assessment of serum calprotectin mean concentration from 18 PsA, 49 RA, 21 SpA and 73 HC. | High accuracy to Calprotectin S100A8/A9 to distinguish PsA from HC. No difference between PsA and SpA. |
| Ausavarungnirun (66) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 55 | CASPAR | ESR and hsCRP | Inflammatory markers determination in serum from 55 PsA and 55 PsO. | Increased VS and hsCRP levels in PsA compared to PsO. |
| Maejima (67) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 11 | CASPAR | VCP | Serum analysis using Reverse-phase protein array from 11 PsA, 23 PsO and 11HC. | VCP was significantly increased in PsA compared to PsO and HC. |
| Farrag (68) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 21 | CASPAR | Il-34 | ELISA analysis from 21 PsA, 24 PsO and 20 HC blood samples. | IL-34 concentration was able to distinguish PsA from PsO and HC (AUC: 0.90). |
| Sinkeviciute (69) (67) | 2020 | Prospective | 111 | CASPAR | PROM | ELISA analysis of 11 PsA and 55 HC. | PROM was associated with PsA but ROC analysis described low accuracy (AUC: 0.64). |
| Abji (70) | 2020 | Prospective | 29 | CASPAR | CXCL10 | Monitoring of serum CXCL10 levels in 644 PsO patients to compare PsA converters (n=29) and matched non-converters (n=52). | Decrease in serum CXCL10 titers in PsA converters before and after conversion to PsA. |
| Esawy (71) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 76 | Moll & Wright | Plasma Gelsolin | Serum analysis by ELISA of 76 PsA, 40 PsO and 40 age and sex-matched HC. | Gelsolin was able to discriminate PsA from PsO (AUC: 0.91) and HC (AUC: 0.98). |
| Souto-carneiro (72) | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 73 | Physician diagnosis | Serum metabolome and lipidome (7 lipids groups and 24 different metabolites) | Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of 73 PsA sera and 49 seronegative RA. | Construction of a predictive model consisting of the lipid ratio and the expression of metabolites made it possible to distinguish RA from PsA (AUC: 0.85). |
| Cuervo (73) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 35 | CASPAR | Mast-cells CD117 and fibroblasts (hsp47) in synovial fluid | Immunohistochemical analysis of cell types from synovial samples of 35 PsA, 39 RA and 31 UA (19 evolving to RA and 12 evolving to PsA). | Higher mast cell and fibroblastic density were associated with PsA progression. |
| Leijten (74) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 20 | CASPAR | 951 unique proteins | Serum proteomic analyses from 20 PsA samples, 20 PsO, 19 SpA and 20 HC. | No difference in proteomic expression between PsO and PsA but 68 expressed proteins differ compared to HC. |
| Kishikawa (75) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 42 | CASPAR | Plasma metabolome | Plasma-metabolite profiles investigated in 42 blood samples from PsA, 50 PsO and 38 HC using dual approach by CE-TOFMS and LC-TOFMS. | In PsA compared to PsO: Increased levels of all saturated fatty acid and tyramine level. Decreased levels of mucic acid. |
| Fuentelsaz-Romero (76) | 2021 | Retrospective | 9 | CASPAR | Macrophage polarization | Analysis of GM-CSF expression and macrophage polarization in synovial tissue from 8 UA evolving to RA, 9 UA evolving to PsA, 16 persistent UA, 12 established RA and 10 persistent PsA. | CD163+ CD209+ macrophages were more abundant in synovial tissues from PsA and HC compared to RA and persistent UA. |
| Zhu J (77). | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 4 | CASPAR | Proteome profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Blood samples analysis firstly using mass-spectrometry then using western-blot from 4 PsA, 4 PsO and 4 HC. | Higher SIRT2 expression in PBMC from PsA than PsO and HC. |
| Looby (78) | 2021 | Retrospective | 30 | CASPAR | Metabolomics | Monitoring of metabolite expression by mass spectrometry in 30 PsA, 20 PsO (10 converted to PsA and 10 non-converted to PsA), and 10 HC. | 1,11-undecanedicarboxylic acid expression differed between PsA patients and HC. |
| Leijten (79) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 21 | CASPAR | CD8+ CCR10+ T-cells | Flow cytometry of PBMC from 21 patients with PsA, 21 with PsO, 16 with SpA and 20 HC. | CD8+CCR10+ T-cells were more represented in PsA sera compared to HC. |
| Ek (80) | 2021 | Cross-sectional | 1025 | NA | 21 inflammatory biomarkers | 21 biomarkers were assessed in 18 different inflammatory disease populations from the UK biobank. | No biomarker measured was associated with PsA diagnosis. |
| Wang N (81) | 2022 | Cross-sectional | 27 | ACR criteria | Fecal metabolites | Evaluation of metabolic profile of fecal samples from 27 PsA patients, 29 with RA and 36 HC were analysed using liquid chromatography and completed by mass spectrometry. | 5 fecal metabolites (α/β-turmerone, glycerol 1-hexadecanoate, dihydrosphingosine, pantothenic acid and glutamine) are potential PsA biomarkers. |
| Marzaioli (82) | 2022 | Cross-sectional | 37 | NA | Dendritic cells CD209/CD14+ and its cytokine expression | Flow cytometry in blood sample from 37 PsA, 62 RA, 6 OA and 11 HC and transcriptional analyses by qRT-PCR. | Higher concentration of CD209/CD14+ dendritic cells from patients with PsA and RA compared to HC. No difference of CD209+ transcriptional expression between PsA and RA. |
| Mc Ardle (83) | 2022 | Cross-sectional | 95 | CASPAR | Serum proteome | Comparison of protein expression from 95 PsA sera and 72 RA. | A panel of select proteins was able to distinguish PsA from RA (AUC: 0.79). |
PsA, psoriatic arthritis; PsO, psoriasis; HC, Healthy control; SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus; UA, Undifferentiated Arthritis; FM, fibromyalgia; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay; RT-PCR, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction; MAP3K3, MAP kinase 3; PI3KC2B, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 2, beta polypeptide; COMP, Cartilage Oligomeric MetalloProteinase; MMP3, Matrix MetalloProteinase-3; RA, Rheumatoid arthritis; BSP, Bone Sialo-protein; AUC, Area under the curve; IL, Interleukin; OPG, Osteoprotegerin; TNFSF, Tumor Necrosis Factor Super Family; C2C, Col2-3/4 long mono; CPII, Pro-collagen 2 peptide; C1-2C, Col2-3/4 short; Pro-C2 (or PIIBNP), N-terminal propeptide of the pro-collagen IIB slice variant; Dkk1, Dikkopf-1; MCSF, Macrophage colony stimulating factor; M2BP, Mac-2 binding protein; CD5L, CD5 Like protein; MPO, Myeloperoxydase; CRP, C-reactive protein; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; NGF, Nerve Grow Factor; Chi2L3, Chitinase like 3 protein; PROM, Matrix metalloproteinase-cleaved Prolargin; HLA, Human leukocyte antigen; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF, Fibroblast growth factor; EGF, Endothelial growth factor; ELAM1, Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; K17, Keratin 17; ANXA1, Annexin A1; STIP-1, Stress-induced phosphoprotein-1; PNN, polynuclear; CXCL-10, CXC-motif Chemokine Ligand-10; ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hsCRP, High sensitive C- reactive protein; VCP, Valosin-containing protein; oxPTMCII, Oxidized collagen type II; CE-TOFMS, Capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry; LC-TOFMS, Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry.