Table 4.
Adherence to four individual health-protective behaviours at period 1 and period 2. Full GEE model containing all predictor variables adjusted for time, N = 1622
| Adherence to washing regularly hands QIC = 449.58 | Adherence to wearing mask indoors QIC = 281.71 | Adherence to maintaining the recommended physical distance QIC = 483.139 | Adherence to carrying own disinfectant QIC = 460.13 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | P | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p | |
| Female sex (vs other) | 0.15 [0.09, -0.20] | < 0.001 | 0.04 [-0.01, 0.08] | 0.095 | 0.07 [0.02, 0.12] | 0.005 | 0.29 [0.24, -0.34] | < 0.001 |
| White ethnicity (vs other) | -0.06 [-0.18, 0.06] | 0.302 | -0.10 [-0.17, -0.02] | 0.051 | -0.03 [-0.14, 0.09] | 0.656 | -0.10 [-0.21, 0.01] | 0.068 |
| No post-16 qualification (vs yes) | 0.10 [0.02, -0.17] | 0.009 | -0.03 [-0.09, 0.04] | 0.397 | 0.04 [-0.03, 0.11] | 0.297 | 0.05 [-0.03, 0.12] | 0.248 |
| Other country of residence (vs England) | -0.01 [-0.08, 0.06] | 0.832 | -0.19 [-0.26,—0.12] | < 0.001 | -0.02 [-0.09, 0.04] | 0.463 | -0.01 [-0.08, 0.06] | 0.739 |
| Not being a key worker (vs yes) | 0.01 [-0.05, 0.07] | 0.784 | 0.004 [-0.05, 0.05] | 0.988 | 0.03 [-0.03–0.08] | 0.328 | 0.07 [0.02, 0.13] | 0.013 |
| Living alone (vs not) | 0.01 [-0.07, 0.08] | 0.890 | -0.0001[-0.0004, 0.0002] | 0.402 | 0.03 [-0.04, 0.10] | 0.380 | -0.04 [-0.12, 0.04] | 0.323 |
| Not living with vulnerable people (vs yes) | -0.06 [-0.11, 0.003] | 0.063 | -0.00001[-0.00003, 0.00001] | 0.390 | -0.08 [-0.14–0.03] | 0.004 | -0.05 [-0.11, 0.01] | 0.095 |
| Income < £50,000 (vs ≥ £50,000) | -0.07 [-0.12, -0.01] | 0.013 | 0.00002[-0.00003, 0.0001] | 0.491 | -0.07 [-0.12, -0.02] | 0.006 | 0.01 [-0.04, 0.06] | 0.788 |
| Income ‘Prefer not to say’ (vs ≥ £50,000) | -0.04 [-0.13, 0.05] | 0.410 | 0.00001 [-0.0001, 0.0001] | 0.731 | -0.05 [-0.13, 0.03] | 0.235 | 0.02 [-0.07, 0.12] | 0.629 |
| Non-smoker (vs smoker) | -0.001 [-0.07, 0.07] | 0.983 | 0.00003 [-0.0001, 0.0002] | 0.618 | 0.02 [-0.05, 0.09] | 0.655 | -0.003 [-0.08, 0.07] | 0.927 |
| Obese/overweight (vs other) | 0.01 [-0.04, 0.06] | 0.665 | -0.00004 [-0.0001, 0.0001] | 0.453 | 0.01 [-0.04, 0.05] | 0.756 | 0.03 [-0.02, 0.08] | 0.201 |
| No health problems (vs yes) | -0.03 [-0.08, 0.03] | 0.320 | 0.02 [-0.03, 0.06] | 0.553 | -0.03 [-0.08, 0.02] | 0.203 | 0.02 [-0.03, 0.07] | 0.501 |
| Not perceived high risk of COVID-19 (vs yes) | -0.07 [-0.13, -0.02] | 0.006 | -0.00001 [-0.00004, 0.00002] | 0.312 | -0.14 [-0.19, -0.10] | < 0.001 | -0.15 [-0.20,—0.09] | < 0.001 |
| Not diagnosed/ suspected COVID-19 (vs yes) | 0.02 [-0.04, 0.08] | 0.535 | 0.00003 [-0.00003, 0.0001] | 0.270 | 0.01 [-0.05–0.06] | 0.821 | 0.01 [-0.05, 0.07] | 0.796 |
| Age | 0.02 [0.003, 0.04] | 0.021 | 0.01 [-0.01, 0.02] | 0.323 | 0.05 [0.04–0.07] | < 0.001 | 0.01 [-0.01, 0.03] | 0.194 |
| Quality of life | 0.001 [-0.03, 0.03] | 0.952 | -0.0001 [-0.00001, 0.00001] | 0.094 | -0.03 [-0.06, -0.01] | 0.006 | 0.01 [-0.01, 0.04] | 0.359 |
| Experience of social distancing | -0.0001 [-0.001, 0.0004] | 0.667 | -0.0000001 [-0.00001, 0.00001-] | 0.789 | 0.0001 [-0.0002, 0.0004] | 0.460 | -0.0001 [-0.0004, 0.0002] | 0.532 |
Models also included Time as a covariate. No significant time*predictor interaction improved the model, QIC is a relative (lower is better) measure of goodness of fit, Bold indicates statistical significance. Β Beta parameter, CI Confidence interval. Social distancing 1319 participants, 1888 cases included (1356 excluded = 3244)