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. 2022 Dec 14;32(6):937–949. doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02119-y

Table 3.

Association between COVID-19-related stressors in 2021 and mental health 2021

COVID-19-related stressors Depression Anxiety ADHD ODD Any
Model 1
 Total OR [95% CI] OR[95% CI] OR[95% CI] OR[95% CI] OR[95% CI]
 My family has experienced financial problems 3.15 [1.36, 7.26]* 2.68 [1.19, 6.01]* 2.74 [1.35, 5.54]* 3.17 [1.50,6.71]* 3.04 [1.50, 6.15]*
 Girl 3.12 [1.69, 5.76]* 0.92 [0.55,1.54] 1.21 [0.81, 1.81] 1.72 [1.06, 2.78]* 1.41 [0.99,2.02]
 Challenges at home or with others 9.42 [4.90,18.08]* 7.98 [4.24, 15.00]* 4.68 [2.64,8.31]* 5.15 [2.82, 9.41]* 6.45 [3.45,12.06]*
 Girl 2.61 [1.38, 4.96]* 0.71 [0.41, 1.23] 1.07 [0.70,1.62] 1.51 [0.92, 2.48] 1.26 [0.87,1.83]
 Trouble getting medical care/mental health services 2.66 [1.27, 5.60]* 3.96 [1.98, 7.92]* 2.83 [1.52, 5.24]* 2.27 [1.14, 4.51]* 2.93 [1.60,5.39]*
 Girl 2.90 [1.56, 5.39]* 0.79[0.47,1.35] 1.11 [0.74,1.68] 1.64 [1.00,2.67]* 1.32 [0.92, 1.89]
Model 2, with interaction
 My family has experienced financial problems 1.40 [0.17, 11.38] 2.98 [0.89, 10.02] 2.24 [0.72, 6.95] 4.94 [1.55, 15.75]* 4.58 [1.49, 14.07]*
 Girl 2.81 [1.48, 5.35]* 0.94 [0.55,1.62] 1.17 [0.77, 1.79] 1.86 [1.12, 3.11] 1.48 [1.02, 2.15]*
 Interaction 2.85 [0.28, 28.61] 0.83 [0.16,4.21] 1.40 [0.33, 5.96] 0.48 [0.11, 2.19] 0.50 [0.12,2.12]
 Challenges at home or with others 12.55 [3.96,39.85]* 10.08 [3.78, 26.88]* 3.89 [1.51, 10.04]* 4.19 [1.48, 11.88]* 7.59 [2.64, 21.79]*
 Girl 2.96 [1.36, 6.43]* 0.78 [0.42, 1.47] 1.02 [0.65, 1.61] 1.42 [0.82, 2.47] 1.29 [0.87, 1.90]
 Interaction 0.66 [0.16, 2.66] 0.67 [0.19, 2.42] 1.34 [0.41, 4.42] 1.37 [0.38, 4.95] 0.78 [0.21, 2.87]
 Trouble getting medical care/mental health services 3.56 [0.72,17.62] 3.32 [0.97, 11.37] 3.55 [1.15, 10.98]* 1.46 [0.31, 6.86] 2.88 [0.94. 8.83]
 Girl 3.04 [1.56, 5.90]* 0.76 [0.43, 1.37] 1.15 [0.75, 1.78] 1.55 [0.92, 2.59] 1.31 [0.90,1.92]
 Interaction 0.70 [0.12,4.22] 1.30 [0.29, 5.78] 0.72 [0.19, 2.79] 1.78 [0.31, 10.10] 1.03 [0.27, 3.90]

*P < 0.05; if the 95% CI does not contain the value 1, the p value is less than 0.05