Table 1.

Estimates, standard errors and bias of the liability effect of a time-varying exposure on an outcome using Mendelian randomization given the parameters in Figure 3

Parameter values	Liability effect of:
	$X_0$ on $Y$	$X_1$ on $Y$
	[estimate (SE)]	[estimate (SE)]
	[Bias (SE)]	[Bias (SE)]
Base parameters in directed acyclic graph	0.92 (0.042)	0.71 (0.031)
${\gamma }_2=0$	–6.93 (57 811.605)	0.4 (0.041)
	7.448 (24.217)	0.001 (0.001)
${\gamma }_3=0$	0.52 (0.041)	1.76 (0.207)
	–0.001 (0.001)	–0.026 (0.006)
${\gamma }_4=0$	0.52 (0.042)	0.4 (0.028)
	0.002 (0.001)	–0.001 (0.001)
${\gamma }_5=0$	0.8 (0.042)	0.8 (0.042)
	0 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)
${\gamma }_6=0$	0.4 (0.037)	0.31 (0.031)
	0.002 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)
$U=0$	0.92 (0.041)	0.71 (0.03)
	0 (0.001)	0 (0.001)

Bias presented as ‘0.000’ where –0.001 < mean bias < 0.001. SE, standard error.