Table 1. Characteristics of ICU-attributable bacterial isolates from clinical samples included in the analyses (n = 790) in total and reported by study group and period.
| Total | Chlorhexidine group | P-valuea | Octenidine group | P-valuea | Routine care group = control | P-valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Intervention | Baseline | Intervention | Baseline | Intervention | |||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | ||||||||||
| n (%) | 155 (100.0) | 38 (25.0) | 22 (14.2) | 24 (15.5) | 18 (11.5) | 23 (14.7) | 30 (19.2) | |||
| ICU day of sample collectionb, median (IQR) | 6 (4–11) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–9) | 0.769 | 7 (5–20) | 6 (4–9) | 0.084 | 6 (4–11) | 5 (4–9) | 0.842 |
| Sample site | ||||||||||
| Bloodb, n (%) | 27 (17.3) | 7 (17.9) | 4 (18.2) | 0.633 | 3 (12.5) | 2 (11.1) | 0.639 | 3 (13.0) | 8 (26.7) | 0.193 |
| Tracheal aspirateb, n (%) | 87 (55.8) | 23 (59.0) | 16 (72.2) | 0.340 | 14 (58.3) | 11 (61.1) | 0.856 | 10 (43.5) | 13 (43.3) | 0.992 |
| Urineb, n (%) | 4 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.633 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | 0.420 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0.316 |
| Woundb, n (%) | 18 (11.6) | 4 (10.3) | 1 (4.5) | 0.389 | 3 (12.5) | 1 (5.6) | 0.420 | 5 (21.7) | 4 (13.3) | 0.328 |
| Othersb, n (%) | 19 (12.3) | 3 (7.7) | 1 (4.5) | 0.532 | 4 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 0.665 | 5 (26.3) | 3 (15.8) | 0.213 |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci | ||||||||||
| n (%) | 122 (100.0) | 31 (25.4) | 31 (25.4) | 17 (13.9) | 11 (9.0) | 15 (12.2) | 17 (13.9) | |||
| ICU day of sample collectionb, median (IQR) | 11 (6–19) | 13 (8–18) | 10 (5–21) | 0.418 | 17 (9–19) | 10 (3–16) | 0.154 | 11 (6–24) | 7 (4–17) | 0.363 |
| Sample site | ||||||||||
| Bloodb, n (%) | 122 (88.4) | 31 (100.0) | 31 (100.0) | n.d. | 17 (100.0) | 11 (100.0) | n.d | 15 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | n.d. |
| Tracheal aspirateb, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. |
| Urineb, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. |
| Woundb, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. |
| Othersb, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. |
| Escherichia coli | ||||||||||
| n (%) | 227 (100.0) | 64 (28.2) | 37 (16.3%) | 41 (18.1) | 18 (7.9%) | 39 (17.2) | 28 (11.9) | |||
| ICU day of sample collectionb, median (IQR) | 11 (6–19) | 10 (5–16) | 7 (4–20) | 0.584 | 9 (5–20) | 11 (5–15) | 0.947 | 7 (4–14) | 12 (4–22) | 0.154 |
| Sample site | ||||||||||
| Bloodb, n (%) | 16 (7.1) | 2 (3.1) | 5 (13.5) | 0.096 | 3 (7.3) | 1 (5.6) | 1.000 | 2 (5.1) | 3 (10.7) | 0.642 |
| Tracheal aspirateb, n (%) | 87 (38.3) | 30 (46.9) | 8 (21.6) | 0.012* | 16 (39.0) | 8 (44.4) | 0.457 | 13 (33.3) | 12 (42.9) | 0.427 |
| Urineb, n (%) | 50 (22.0) | 8 (12.5) | 13 (35.1) | 0.007* | 11 (26.8) | 4 (22.2) | 1.000 | 10 (25.6) | 4 (14.3) | 0.259 |
| Woundb, n (%) | 33 (14.5) | 8 (12.5) | 6 (16.2) | 0.405 | 3 (7.3) | 4 (22.2) | 0.184 | 8 (20.5) | 4 (14.3) | 0.512 |
| Othersb, n (%) | 41 (18.1) | 16 (25.0) | 5 (13.5) | 0.131 | 8 (19.5) | 1 (5.6) | 0.252 | 6 (15.4) | 5 (17.9) | 1.000 |
| Klebsiella spp. | ||||||||||
| n (%) | 150 (100.0) | 28 (18.7) | 28 (18.7) | 23 (15.3) | 29 (19.3) | 20 (13.3) | 22 (14.7) | |||
| ICU day of sample collectionb, median (IQR) | 10 (5–20) | 11 (6–26) | 8 (5–24) | 0.565 | 12 (6–21) | 11 (6–19) | 0.712 | 9 (4–20) | 9 (5–16) | 0.889 |
| Sample site | ||||||||||
| Bloodb, n (%) | 18 (12.0) | 3 (10.7) | 5 (17.9) | 0.705 | 1 (4.3) | 2 (6.9) | 1.000 | 4 (20.0) | 3 (13.6) | 0.691 |
| Tracheal aspirateb, n (%) | 74 (49.3) | 9 (67.0) | 15 (53.6) | 0.105 | 12 (52.2) | 17 (58.6) | 0.642 | 9 (45.0) | 12 (54.5) | 0.537 |
| Urineb, n (%) | 17 (11.3) | 5 (17.9) | 5 (17.9) | 1.000 | 2 (8.7) | 3 (10.3) | 1.000 | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.221 |
| Woundb, n (%) | 21 (11.3) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (7.1) | 1.000 | 5 (21.7) | 6 (20.7) | 1.000 | 3 (15.0) | 4 (18.2) | 1.000 |
| Othersb, n (%) | 20 (13.3) | 10 (35.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0.005* | 3 (13.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0.310 | 2 (10.0) | 3 (13.6) | 1.000 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ||||||||||
| n (%) | 136 (100%) | 19 (14.0%) | 18 (13.2%) | 17 (12.5%) | 40 (29.4%) | 18 (13.2%) | 24 (17.6%) | |||
| ICU day of sample collectionb, median (IQR) | 12 (6–28) | 14 (4–33) | 15 (9–20) | 0.927 | 6 (5–21) | 15 (9–29) | 0.319 | 11 (5–13) | 12 (5–25) | 0.949 |
| Sample site | ||||||||||
| Bloodb, n (%) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.d. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1.000 | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.429 |
| Tracheal aspirateb, n (%) | 82 (60.3) | 7 (36.8) | 12 (66.7) | 0.070 | 12 (70.6) | 26 (65.0) | 0.682 | 11 (61.1) | 14 (58.3) | 0.856 |
| Urineb, n (%) | 16 (7.4) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1.000 | 2 (11.8) | 4 (10.0) | 1.000 | 2 (11.1) | 4 (16.7) | 0.685 |
| Woundb, n (%) | 15 (11.0) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (11.1) | 0.660 | 1 (5.9) | 4 (10.0) | 1.000 | 3 (16.7) | 1 (4.2) | 0.297 |
| Othersb, n (%) | 21 (15.4) | 6 (31.6) | 2 (11.1) | 0.232 | 22 (11.8) | 5 (12.5) | 1.000 | 1 (5–6) | 5 (20.8) | 0.214 |
P-values were calculated by Chi-quare test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical, and by Mann-Whitney U Test for continuous variables.
aP-values were reported for comparisons between baseline and intervention periods for each study group.
bP-Values were not shown for baseline period comparisons and intervention period comparisons of the three study groups because no significant differences were detected between the study groups in the baseline and the intervention period. baseline, prior to the intervention period, intervention, at the end of the intervention period.
P-values < 0.05 were interpreted as significant (*).