Table 3. Generalized estimating equation models for the outcomes chlorhexidine and octenidine susceptibility of bacterial isolates (reported by MIC ≥ species-specific chlorhexidine and octenidine MIC50 (yes / no)).
| Chlorhexidine | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aIRR | 95%CI | p-value | p-value (type III) | |
| Chlorhexidine group in the baseline period | 0.85 | 0.31–2.35 | 0.771 | < 0.001* |
| Chlorhexidine group in the intervention period | 0.29 | 0.12–0.74 | 0.010* | |
| Octenidine group in the baseline period | 1.81 | 0.69–4.78 | 0.229 | |
| Octenidine group in the intervention period | 0.67 | 0.25–1.79 | 0.428 | |
| Control group in the baseline period | 1.05 | 0.49–2.23 | 0.908 | |
| Control group in the intervention period | 1.00 = reference | - | - | |
| ICU day of sample collection | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.013 | 0.013* |
| Sample site | 0.015* | |||
| Blood | 0.36 | 0.19–0.70 | 0.002 | |
| Tracheal aspirate | 0.73 | 0.45–1.17 | 0.187 | |
| Urine | 0.82 | 0.43–1.57 | 0.548 | |
| Wound | 0.79 | 0.41–1.51 | 0.470 | |
| Others | 1.00 = reference | |||
| Octenidine | ||||
| Chlorhexidine group in the baseline period | 1.27 | 0.56–2.91 | 0.570 | < 0.001* |
| Chlorhexidine group in the intervention period | 0.52 | 0.25–1.07 | 0.085 | |
| Octenidine group in the baseline period | 2.83 | 1.19–6.76 | 0.019* | |
| Octenidine group in the intervention period | 0.68 | 0.32–1.42 | 0.302 | |
| Control group in the baseline period | 1.63 | 0.83–3.23 | 0.160 | |
| Control group in the intervention period | 1.00 = reference | - | - | |
| ICU day of sample collection | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.406 | 0.406 |
| Sample site | 0.627 | |||
| Blood | 1.19 | 0.61–2.36 | 0.616 | |
| Tracheal aspirate | 0.95 | 0.55–1.65 | 0.858 | |
| Urine | 0.69 | 0.36–1.64 | 0.276 | |
| Wound | 0.97 | 0.49–1.95 | 0.945 | |
| Others | 1.00 = reference |
Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) were estimated for all combinations of study groups (chlorhexidine, octenidine, control) and study periods (baseline, intervention) using control group (intervention period) as a reference. ICU day of sample collection, sample sites, cluster effect and interaction between study groups and periods were considered in all models. P-values < 0.05 were interpreted as significant (*). c P-values were reported for comparisons between intervention groups (chlorhexidine and octenidine) and control group (routine care), adjusted by study period. aIRR, adjusted incidence rate ratio. 95%CI, 95% confidence interval.