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. 2022 Dec 14;8(50):eadd9752. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add9752

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Fig. 4. — (A) Bipedal behaviors at Issa, showing overall percentage of bipedal posture (solid gray) versus bipedal locomotion (dotted; summed to 100%), with each broken down to show use of bipedalism in the forest (green) versus woodland (yellow). Bipedalism was mainly a postural behavior at Issa (75% of all bipedal observations). Although postural bipedalism does not differ in use between vegetation types, there was a trend toward more bipedal locomotion in the forest. Error bars show SE. (B) Percentage of total bipedal observations as locomotion (dotted) versus posture (solid gray; summed to 100%) at each chimpanzee site with data available (37, 38, 42). Issa has the highest percentage of bipedal behavior as locomotion, but there appears to be no relationship between the overall frequency of bipedalism and habitat type. Taï and Kibale are not included as no or insufficient data on the percentage of bipedal behavior spent as locomotion were available (see table S7). (C) Example of Issa chimpanzees foraging in open canopy vegetation, in a large tree (>10 m high) with a wide crown and many terminal branch foods (Brachystegia microphylla), here hypothesized to select for arboreal bipedalism at Issa. Photo credit: R.C.D.-C.