Table 3.
Comparison of the Percentage Change in Birth Cohort Variance Components from Model1 to Model4 by Each Early Life Exposure Measure, NHANES, 1988–2018
| Gini Index [0–18] | Percentage of Union [0–18] | GDP Growth Rate [0–18] | Unemployment Rate [0–18] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Models | % change | coef. | % change | coef. | % change | coef. | % change | coef. |
|
| ||||||||
| White Females | ||||||||
| Model 1-Model 2 | 94.39% | 2.573** | 75.10% | −0.018** | 53.79% | −0.064 | 14.52% | 0.002 |
| Model 1-Model 3 | 97.36% | 2.974** | 42.83% | −0.018* | 52.12% | −0.096* | 5.50% | −0.007 |
| Model 1-Model 4 | N.C. | . | 50.97% | −0.018* | 34.88% | −0.096 | N.C. | . |
|
| ||||||||
| White Males | ||||||||
| Model 1-Model 2 | 87.29% | 3.681** | −21.46% | −0.019 | −8.63% | −0.123 | −43.14% | −0.017 |
| Model 1-Model 3 | 58.32% | 3.814** | −7.30% | −0.019 | −3.09% | −0.134 | 12.21% | −0.020 |
| Model 1-Model 4 | N.C. | . | −61.81% | −0.019 | 22.33% | −0.134* | N.C. | |
|
| ||||||||
| Black Females | ||||||||
| Model 1-Model 2 | 92.62% | 3.128** | 38.54% | −0.018* | 30.02% | −0.119* | −14.83% | −0.009 |
| Model 1-Model 3 | 93.26% | 2.770** | 50.43% | −0.016* | 47.62% | −0.107* | 11.07% | −0.008 |
| Model 1-Model 4 | 93.26% | 2.771** | 50.28% | −0.016* | 46.84% | −0.107* | 9.62% | −0.008 |
|
| ||||||||
| Black Males | ||||||||
| Model 1-Model 2 | 78.75% | 2.351** | 26.88% | −0.014* | 23.57% | −0.089 | −19.70% | −0.006 |
| Model 1-Model 3 | 79.18% | 2.464** | 19.25% | −0.014 | 19.98% | −0.094 | −23.12% | −0.007 |
| Model 1-Model 4 | 79.53% | 2.465** | 22.05% | −0.014 | 22.39% | −0.094 | −18.35% | −0.007 |
|
| ||||||||
| Hispanic Females | ||||||||
| Model 1-Model 2 | 81.89% | 2.522** | 9.85% | −0.011 | 26.12% | −0.095 | −0.87% | −0.021 |
| Model 1-Model 3 | 83.43% | 2.362** | 19.23% | −0.010 | 29.74% | −0.086 | 15.00% | −0.020 |
| Model 1-Model 4 | 83.45% | 2.362** | 18.67% | −0.010 | 29.74% | −0.086 | 12.09% | −0.020 |
|
| ||||||||
| Hispanic Males | ||||||||
| Model 1-Model 2 | 74.65% | 2.161** | 60.73% | −0.017** | −0.06% | −0.053 | −12.38% | 0.005 |
| Model 1-Model 3 | 72.45% | 1.995** | 67.47% | −0.016** | 9.07% | −0.046 | 1.19% | 0.006 |
| Model 1-Model 4 | 72.88% | 1.995** | 67.35% | −0.016** | 12.26% | −0.046 | −12.38% | 0.006 |
Notes:
*
<0.05
**
<0.01
Abbreviations: Coef., regression coefficient of each early life exposure measure; % change, percentage change in birth cohort variance component from Model1 to each model; N.C, not converged
Model1: includes age, cohort, period.
Model2: additionally adjusts for each early life exposure measure.
Model3: additionally adjusts for educational attainment, marital status, and poverty income ratio.
Model4: additionally adjusts for five period macro measures including Gini index, GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, percentage of union, and percentage of college education.