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. 2022 Dec 15;318:115620. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115620

Table 4b.

Unadjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis to assess associations between experiences of discrimination and recent depression/anxiety symptoms among a state representative sample of California adults in March 2021 (N = 2114).*

Mild
Moderate
Severe
RRR
p-value
95% CI
RRR
p-value
95% CI
RRR
p-value
95% CI
Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Everyday Discrimination
None Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Single Form 2.39 <0.001 1.55 3.69 3.82 <0.001 2.23 6.53 2.44 0.02 1.15 5.16
Multiple Forms 3.47 <0.001 2.11 5.71 2.96 0.001 1.59 5.48 8.58 <0.001 4.49 16.39
Major experiences of race-based discrimination
No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 1.27 0.31 0.80 2.03 0.67 0.32 0.30 1.48 2.41 0.02 1.18 4.90
Major experience of non-race-based discrimination
No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 2.03 <0.001 1.46 2.82 2.64 <0.001 1.71 4.07 2.13 0.007 1.23 3.68
Policing in Past Year
No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 2.38 <0.001 1.54 3.69 2.85 <0.001 1.67 4.86 3.28 <0.001 1.78 6.04
Gender
Male Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Female 1.28 0.19 0.96 1.71 1.35 0.15 0.90 2.02 2.34 0.001 1.39 3.95
Race
White Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Black 1.19 0.62 0.61 2.32 1.27 0.64 0.46 3.49 1.36 0.57 0.47 3.91
Asian 1.52 0.07 0.97 2.38 1.29 0.46 0.66 2.51 0.55 0.34 0.17 1.86
Hispanic 1.35 0.10 0.95 1.92 1.98 0.004 1.25 3.14 1.99 0.01 1.15 3.47
Other/multiple races 2.05 0.01 1.16 3.64 1.45 0.37 0.65 3.22 0.93 0.91 0.25 3.38
Age
Continuous 0.98 <0.001 0.97 0.98 0.97 <0.001 0.96 0.98 0.93 <0.001 0.91 0.95
Income Quintile
Lowest Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Second Lowest 0.66 0.09 0.41 1.06 0.48 0.02 0.26 0.87 0.47 0.03 0.24 0.94
Middle 0.79 0.33 0.49 1.27 0.55 0.06 0.30 1.03 0.20 0.001 0.08 0.50
Second Highest 0.86 0.50 0.55 1.34 0.36 0.001 0.19 0.67 0.25 <0.001 0.12 0.52
Highest 0.77 0.22 0.50 1.17 0.38 0.002 0.20 0.69 0.18 <0.001 0.08 0.37
Sexual Identity
Heterosexual Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Other 2.62 <0.001 1.64 4.20 1.63 0.11 0.89 2.96 5.73 <0.001 3.04 10.80
Disability
No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 3.63 <0.001 2.62 5.02 5.80 <0.001 3.77 8.91 12.68 <0.001 7.19 22.34

*Reference is normal symptoms.