Table 3.
Prevalence of low (disagree), neutral, and high (agree) scores on body image measures.
| Men | Women | Vs. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low % | Neutral % | High % | M | SD | Low % | Neutral % | High % | M | SD | d | |
| Body Surveillance | |||||||||||
| Overall scale (H) | 36 | 38 | 26 | 3.77 | 1.22 | 25 | 34 | 41 | 4.24 | 1.31 | −0.37*** |
| I often worry if clothes I wear make me look good (H) | 39 | 17 | 44 | 4.06 | 1.76 | 29 | 12 | 59 | 4.62 | 1.84 | −0.31*** |
| During the day, I think about how I look many times (H) | 43 | 17 | 40 | 3.94 | 1.77 | 39 | 13 | 48 | 4.27 | 1.90 | −0.18*** |
| Rarely think about looks (L) | 62 | 11 | 28 | 3.50 | 1.76 | 77 | 06 | 17 | 2.85 | 1.60 | 0.39*** |
| I rarely worry about how I look to other people (L) | 43 | 17 | 40 | 4.11 | 1.83 | 58 | 12 | 30 | 3.59 | 1.88 | 0.28*** |
| More concerned about what body can do than how look (L) | 24 | 24 | 52 | 4.70 | 1.73 | 36 | 20 | 44 | 4.26 | 1.85 | 0.24*** |
| More important clothes comfortable than look good (L) | 27 | 16 | 57 | 4.75 | 1.75 | 36 | 14 | 50 | 4.36 | 1.83 | 0.22*** |
| I think more about how my body feels than body looks (L) | 24 | 20 | 56 | 4.71 | 1.67 | 35 | 14 | 51 | 4.42 | 1.85 | 0.16*** |
| I rarely compare how I look with how other people look (L) | 46 | 15 | 39 | 4.05 | 1.88 | 62 | 09 | 29 | 3.46 | 1.97 | 0.31*** |
| SATAQ-4 | |||||||||||
| Thin-Ideal Internalization | 41 | 31 | 28 | 2.85 | 0.89 | 34 | 24 | 42 | 3.09 | 1.05 | −0.24*** |
| Muscle/Athletic Internalization | 30 | 23 | 47 | 3.18 | 0.99 | 59 | 19 | 22 | 2.49 | 1.01 | 0.69*** |
| Peer Pressure | 78 | 11 | 11 | 1.92 | 0.98 | 77 | 11 | 12 | 1.93 | 1.02 | −0.01 |
| Media Pressure | 49 | 16 | 35 | 2.67 | 1.29 | 29 | 11 | 60 | 3.38 | 1.34 | −0.54*** |
| Family Pressure | 75 | 14 | 11 | 2.00 | 1.29 | 68 | 12 | 20 | 2.23 | 1.17 | −0.19*** |
| Thin-Ideal Specific Items | |||||||||||
| Want body to look very lean | 22 | 19 | 59 | 3.42 | 1.09 | 21 | 13 | 66 | 3.53 | 1.15 | −0.10*** |
| Want body to look very thin | 53 | 23 | 24 | 2.57 | 1.10 | 43 | 18 | 39 | 2.92 | 1.23 | −0.30*** |
| Muscle/Athletic Specific Items | |||||||||||
| Important for me look athletic | 19 | 19 | 63 | 3.57 | 1.06 | 37 | 21 | 42 | 3.02 | 1.19 | 0.49*** |
| I spend a lot time doing things to look more athletic | 42 | 21 | 37 | 2.90 | 1.22 | 64 | 15 | 21 | 2.31 | 1.17 | 0.49*** |
| I think a lot looking athletic | 31 | 20 | 49 | 3.19 | 1.18 | 54 | 16 | 30 | 2.57 | 1.24 | 0.51*** |
| I think a lot looking muscular | 26 | 20 | 54 | 3.37 | 1.16 | 59 | 18 | 23 | 2.43 | 1.17 | 0.81*** |
| I spend a lot of time doing things to look more muscular | 44 | 21 | 35 | 2.86 | 1.23 | 71 | 14 | 15 | 2.12 | 1.10 | 0.64*** |
Note.
p < .001,
p < .01,
p < .05.
Frequency distributions are provided to show the percentage of men and women who scored on the low, neutral, or high end of each body image measure. For example, 30% of men reported low body surveillance, systematically below the midpoint of the Likert scale (1–3.49 out of 7.0). Means and standard deviations for each sex are presented. Effect size d and statistical significance for differences between men and women are shown in the last column. A positive effect size indicates that men scored higher on the measure than women (e.g., men reported higher appearance evaluation, d = 0.15). A negative effect size indicates that men scored lower on the measure than women (e.g., men reported lower preoccupation with weight, d = − 0.47). For the body surveillance items, (H) denotes that high scores indicate high body surveillance (e.g., agreeing that “I often worry if the clothes I wear make me look good,” and (L) denotes that low scores indicate high body surveillance (e.g., disagreeing that “I rarely think about my looks”).