Table 3.

Summary of family-engagement Interventions.

Author (year)	Intervention	Purpose	Main content	Target users	Interaction (two-way communication)	Personalization (tailoring)	TIDieR framework (1-12)
Bastin et al. (2019)	Video (television) -based education program	To combine video instruction to patient/family education	Introduction to the ICU; fall prevention; pain management; preventing health-acquired infections	Patients and families	Not described	Not described	8
Carlucci et al. (2020)	Remote family conference and patient visits via phone and video calls	To enhance family members' participation and provide daily clinical updates	Daily clinical updates; medical information pertinent to the patient's condition;	Family, patient, clinicians	Communicating families' concerns with clinicians	Provision of medical information pertinent to the patient's condition	9
Chiang et al. (2017)	Tablet-based family education package	To educational and informative content by comprehensive and standardized information and systematic way of provision using audiovisual features	Information about ICU care and specific information of patient's disease or specific treatment	Family	Not described	Content was explained depending on the needs of individual patients	8
Cox et al. (2019)	Interactive web-based decision aid	To support the shared decision-making process for prolonged mechanical ventilation	Definition of prolonged ventilation; decision options for goals of treatment; function of surrogates in decision making; family support needs	Family	Basis of an algorithm informed by responses within the tool	Individualized prognosis	8
Dalal et al. (2016)	Patient-centered toolkit: A web-based patient-facing and provider-facing tools	To enhance collaborative decision making via education and patient-family-provider communication	Navigate plan of care; establish recovery goals, input preferences and rate priorities; access medical records; educational content	Family, patient, clinicians	Exchange questions and answers among patients, families, and clinicians;Communication among clinicians	Tailored safety tips and reminders	10
de Havenon et al. (2015)	Conference calling or Skype teleconferencing before provider-family meeting	To improve robust decisions about patient care by increasing families' participation in the decision-making process and enhancing the effectiveness of family meetings	Not described	Family, clinicians	Not described	Not described	8
Ernecoff et al. (2016)	Interactive, tablet-based communication and decision support tool	To prepare the family for conversations with clinicians; to give clinicians tailored information about the family and patient before the family meeting; to promote a personalized relationship between clinician and family	Orientation to the ICU; principles of surrogate decision making; question prompt list and opportunity to write down questions; a values clarification exercise; education about treatment pathways; eliciting surrogates prognostic information; psychosocial resources.	Family, clinicians	The tool is programmed to interact with families;Clinicians can view families' input	Tailored information was communicated with clinicians	9
Gorman et al. (2020)	Real-time SMS updates	To simply provide five pre-written messages related to key information about patient care to families during the ICU care	Five specific clinical landmark events were sent at ICU admission; extubation; morning ward round; decision to discharge; and discharge from the ICU.	Family	Not described	Not described	8
Mistraletti et al. (2017)	Website information tool	To provide families with knowledge of the ICU environment and patient's illness and enhance communication between providers and families	Knowledge of ICU environment and treatment; family's role during the ICU care; illustration of post-ICU discharge expectations; emotional validation; stories of former ICU patientsor relatives	Family	Not described	Not described	8
Pignatiello et al. (2019)	Two electronic decision aid tools:video-basedavatar-based	To support communication and decision-making between surrogates and clinicians	Video-based decision aid: a short visual content discussing strategies for effective communication between providers and families, advocating for loved ones, and alternatives to consider.Avatar-based decision aid: an interactive virtual decision support led by an avatar decision coach; sharing patients’ story, patient's background, assessing their needs, discussing care plan	Family, clinicians	Video-based decision aid: Not applicableAvatar-based aid: two-way communication between family caregivers and a critical care team to discuss the care plan	Video-based decision aid: Not applicableAvatar-based aid: to provide decision coaching based on family caregiver's input and needs	8
Sasangohar et al. (2020)	Virtual ICU technology: Virtual visitation via smartphones, tablets, or computers	To enable virtual family members in the ICU room	Not applicable	Family, patient	Not applicable	Not applicable	7
Sucher et al. (2011)	Robotic telepresence multidisciplinary roundings	To augment the multidisciplinary rounding process	Not applicable	Family, patient, clinicians	Real-time two-way audio-video communication among patients, families, and clinicians	Not applicable	9
Suen et al. (2020a,b)	Interactive web-based family support tool	To support communication and shared decision-making for surrogates	Orientation to the ICU, emotional support, self-care tips, and families' expectations, questions, and understanding of patient's values and preferences,	Family, clinicians	Surrogates complete modules prior to a scheduled family meeting;Clinicians receive a one-page summary of surrogates' responses prior to family meeting surrogates' responses	Not described	8,9
Ziyaefard et al. (2019)	virtual social network-based education program via social media	To alleviates family caregiver anxiety and satisfaction	information about ICU conditions, hospital rules, and postoperative clinical situations, principles of taking care of patients at home and hospital, necessary diet and medications, level of patients’ activity at home, wound management, rehabilitation of patients	Family caregivers	Not described	Not described	8