Table 1.
Demographics and cognitive performance of the study population.
| No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | COVID-19 (n = 66) | HC (n = 79) | 95% CI | P-value |
| Age (median [IQR]), y | 35.50 [26.25, 46.00] | 29.00 [25.00, 39.00] | / | 0.104a |
| Gender | 0.496b | |||
| Female | 23 (34.8) | 33 (41.8) | ||
| Male | 43(65.3) | 46(58.2) | ||
| Marriage Status | / | 0.013b | ||
| Single | 21 (31.8) | 43 (54.4) | ||
| Divorced | 2 (3.0) | 4 (5.1) | ||
| Married | 43 (65.2) | 32 (40.5) | ||
| Education Background | ||||
| Years of education (median [IQR]), y | 15.00 [9.75, 16.00] | 15.00 [15.00, 16.00] | / | 0.088a |
| Primary school | 4 (6.1) | 3 (3.8) | ||
| Junior high school | 13 (19.7) | 11 (13.9) | ||
| Senior high school | 7 (10.6) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| College | 15 (22.7) | 25 (31.6) | ||
| Undergraduate | 22 (33.3) | 26 (32.9) | ||
| Graduate | 5 (7.6) | 13 (16.5) | ||
| Smoking History | / | 0.334b | ||
| Non-smoker | 49 (74.2) | 55 (69.6) | ||
| Occasionally smoking | 3 (4.5) | 7 (8.9) | ||
| Smoker | 7 (10.6) | 13 (16.5) | ||
| Smoking cessation | 7 (10.6) | 4 (5.1) | ||
| Occupation | / | 0.079b | ||
| Full-time or part-time job | 53 (80.3) | 56 (70.9) | ||
| Retired or Jobless | 4 (6.1) | 7 (8.9) | ||
| Students | 6 (9.1) | 16 (20.3) | ||
| Others | 3 (4.5) | 0(0.0) | ||
| Religion | / | 0.982b | ||
| Have religion | 6 (9.1) | 6(7.5) | ||
| THINC-it test | ||||
| Response time of Nback (median [IQR])c | 50.98 [44.38, 59.00] | 49.83 [42.53, 59.05] | / | 0.435a |
| Response time of DSST (median [IQR]) | 118.88[117.64,119.53] | 119.10[118.23,119.51] | / | 0.362a |
| The composite z-score of PDQ-5D (median [IQR]) | 0.07 [− 0.54, 0.68] | 0.10 [− 0.51, 1.02] | / | 0.767a |
| Correct number of Symbol Check (median [IQR]) | 21.50 [13.00, 29.00] | 24.00 [13.50, 33.00] | / | 0.236a |
| Correct number of Codebreaker (mean (SD)) | 40.41 ± 14.44 | 41.41 ± 17.86 | -6.30–4.31 | 0.711d |
| The composite z-score of Spotter (mean (SD)) | 0.03 ± 0.98 | 0.00 ± 1.01 | -0.29–0.36 | 0.843d |
| The composite z-score of Trail (median [IQR]) | 0.23 [0.04, 0.33] | 0.33 [0.01, 0.47] | / | 0.047a |
| Neuropsychiatric test | ||||
| PHQ-9 score (median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | / | / | / |
| GAD-9 score(median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | / | / | / |
| PCL-5 score (median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | / | / | / |
| M.I.N.I teste | ||||
| Major depression disorder (n) | 4 | 0 | / | / |
| General anxiety disorder (n) | 3 | 0 | / | / |
a
The analysis was conducted by Mann-Whitney U test.
b
The analysis was conducted by χ2 test.
c
IQR: Interquartile range
d
The analysis was conducted by Two sample T test.
e
Only 4 patients were diagnosed with depression or anxiety disorders (3 MDD patients are comorbid with anxiety disorders)