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. 2022 Dec 1;13:1081088. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1081088

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Copyright © 2022 Kyrchanova, Bylino and Georgiev.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Variants of functional interactions between enhancers and promoters. The model suggests that promoters and enhancers do not independently maintain their specific long-range interactions. A special class of tethering elements (TEs) may maintain the long-range interactions. Cohesin complexes sustain the interactions between TEs in mammals. (A) TEs occur in an enhancer and a promoter and ensure a specific long-range interaction between them. (B) TEs occur in promoters, bringing them close together and co-activation by a single enhancer. (C) Interactions between TEs bring groups of enhancers and promoters close together, and the elements are simultaneously activated with different efficiencies, which depend on the promoter strength and the distance to an enhancer. (D) The nearest promoters are activated by enhancers in the absence of TEs.