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. 2022 Dec 1;13:1014013. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014013

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Copyright © 2022 Fu, Chen, Pang, Zhang, Wu, Wan, Wan, Ao and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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M1 and M2 macrophages/microglia have different roles in SCI. M1 macrophages/microglia are neurotoxic and release destructive factors that impair axon repair/regeneration. These cells can induce the necroptosis of astrocytes and promote the formation of the spinal cavity. In contrast, M2 macrophages/microglia have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, releasing neuroprotective factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β to improve SCI repair/regeneration. In addition, the M2 phenotype facilitates axon regeneration and angiogenesis by secreting activin A and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).