Figure 2.

Core-20 leads to protection against oral H. alvei infection. (A) Experimental design for honeybees colonized with specific microbes challenging with H. alvei. (B) Relative abundance of the Core-6 and Core-20 community on Day 12. 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicons were sequenced and analyzed, showing successful microbiota colonization and composition differences between the Core-6 and the Core-20. (C) Absolute abundance of H. alvei in different treatment groups 5 days post-infection. Single strains, such as B. choladocola B10834H15 and B. choladohabitans W8113, significantly inhibited the growth of H. alvei. The Core-20 community, which is much more complex than the Core-6, significantly reduced the H. alvei loads.